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Motivation, Stress, and Communication

In any organization, human capital is important for smooth operations. In an organization setting, communication, stress and motivation are factors that the management needs to address since performance is based on these. Employees must be motivated to work hard; they should not work under stress and communication should be enhanced to promote close interactions and learning of new skills and knowledge. The discusion systematically looks at a description of a job and ways that goal setting can be used to foster performance. It also analyses the stressful situations and the best approaches of handling nonverbal and cultural barriers to communication in an organization setting.

The company identified in research is the PriceWaterCoopers and the job description is for the position of assistant administrator. The job entails duties such as providing of support both internal and external meetings. It involves organizing of meetings and taking notes and minutes and ensuring that follow-ups are done. It also entail writing and formatting of proposals, preparing presentations and carrying out of background research on various issues as directed by the senior administrator. The job further requires ensuring maximum staff utilization at the client service department and in assisting staffs in planning.  It also requires proper record and file system maintenance for every business units. The job also encompasses duties in relation to handling of income correspondence, inquiries and reports from different business units. Organization of conference, and events and liaising with staffs, client, suppliers and other stakeholders on various services makes part of the job. It also entails acquisition of permits and visas for the various teams, accommodation arrangements, and facilitation of transfer arrangements of the staffs from one location to another. Moreover, the job requires an individual that is able to liaise and engage with teams and create lists of client portfolios and ensure continuous updates on the sales.

Upon feeling the position it is apparent that I would require to set goals in order to achieve my targets and those of the organization. Goal setting affects the performance of employees and the organization. It is important that these goals are specific, measurable, attainable, and relevant and have a time frame (Austin community college, 2007, p. 4). Even though, the process of goal setting is tedious and complex, working without a plan is not worthwhile and may deter achievement of objectives and obstruct good performance. Goal setting is basically a process that entails developing, negating and establishing set targets that challenges the goal setter.  Consequently, goals function as motivators since they allow an individual to compare the current performance with the expected or required goals to achieve. So an individual is under an obligation to work hard in order to meet the set goals hence triggering the level of performance.

As the assistant administrator, goal setting will motivate me in my duties as they will guide and direct my behavior. The job requires a lot of discipline and a clear focus in order to meet the objectives of the organization. By setting goals on what I really want to achieve, I will be able to behave according to the required standards hence allowing me expedite my services well and accomplish both my goals and that of the organization.

These goals will also provide challenges that I should expect in my new assignment.  In an organization, setting, there are a number of challenges that requires careful handling.  Example of these challenges includes a lot of work than expected, difficult clients among others. Having this prior knowledge will enable me handle the challenges amicably as they come hence, will not hinder me from achieving my objectives. Additionally, these challenges will always remind me about my goals and I will be obliged or rather motivated to put in effort to perform to my set level and the level that the organization requires me to.

Goals setting will also allow me to tailor my duties to the requirement of the organization as they help in reflecting what both the management and employees find important (Wilson, &Dobson, 2008, p. 128). Because of the clarity and the precision of the kind of achievement I wish to achieve, I will always be encouraged and motivated to work and accomplish the duties. This will enable me to increase my level of performance. In summary, these goals will provide me a landmark or a plan on which I will focus on enabling me achieve my objectives. In addition, by setting goals, I will be able to organize my time and utilize it appropriately, hence suffering from less stress and anxiety. I will be able to concentrate better and be satisfied with my job enabling me improve in my performance.

Stress in work place is rampant in many organizations. Employees complain of stress and even others develop complications in their health because of the stress they undergoes at their work place. Management of stress is important in an organization, to avoid such complications and in fostering improved performance.  I am also sometimes stressed during my work.  Managing this stresses is not an easy task but eventually I will make it through.  In my new work, even though it involves a lot of stress as deadlines need to be kept, I will manage such stresses in different ways. First, I will identify the sources from which the stress is emanating from. For instance, if the stress is as a result of bulky work, I will examine how I manage my time and be able to adjust my habits. This will allow me to have a clear understanding of the fact that I am faced with a problem and it needs to be solved. I will also take responsibilities on my own to ensure that I improve my emotional and physical well being through continued exercises. Third, I will ensure that I learn better communication skills to be able to socialize and work together with my colleagues (Treven, Treven, & Zizek, 2011, p. 46). Good employee relationships will help me in communicating or sharing with my colleagues about issues relating to my work and from these interactions, I will be helped and motivated on how to overcome the stress. For instance, on time  management and deadlines, I will be able to a create a balanced schedule  on daily basis , I will avoid over-committing myself  and be able to plan regular breaks  which will allow me take a walk and relieve tensions of work.

On managing tasks, I will prioritize my task by making a list of things that I want to handle. I will also break projects into smaller steps to allow me time to handle every step bit-by- bit and may also delegate some responsibilities to my subordinate staffs in the circumstances that I am committed.

I will also create time to relax and have peace of mind. Working throughout may become boring and stressful especially when you do not have time to relax and meet with your friends. I will use my leave to have good time with my friends and to refresh my mind.

In an organization, nonverbal and cultural communication barriers form part of them. Understanding these challenges is key to promoting good working environment and in promoting communication, and increased performance (Pranee, 2010, p. 3).  In my position, I will also contribute and participate in ensuring good functioning of the company. Hence, I have a role to play in managing nonverbal and cultural communication barriers. In organization setting it is equally important to understand non verbal communication to be able to relate well with the other employees. Some of the non verbal cues include gestures such as hand and facial, pauses summaries, visual statements such as pictures, graphs, tables and slides among many others. The organization is made up of people with different capabilities. For instance, there are blind workers, lame and even deaf workers who need to be communicated to through sign language and gestures.  Understanding nonverbal cues is also important in reading the moods of fellow workers and clients and thus helping one to understand how to approach the person and avoiding any confrontation or conflict.  On the other hand, cultural factors hinder effective communication in an organization. People come from different cultures and when they meet at work place there is need for them to behave in a manner that is acceptable to all the people. However, factors such as perceptions, stereotypes are barriers in communication among people from different cultures. As an employee I will assist in enhancing good communication practices in the organization by helping my fellow colleagues, to appreciate every other workers cultural belief. The rules and regulations of the organization should be made in a way that they appreciate every person’s culture. The culture of the organization should not be biased or based on one specific culture but it should cut across all the cultures. For instance, the language that should be spoken by the workers should be understood by all the workers to avoid a feeling of seclusion as it deters some employees to feel at home during their work.

Another measure that I will do to ensure that there is no nonverbal and cultural communication barriers in the organization is have meetings and forums that will allow the workers to mingle with one another and share their experiences and cultures. This will enable the workers learn to appreciate other people cultures such as languages and way of behavior hence assist in closing the communication barriers. Moreover, I would advise the management to form teams that are composed of people from different cultural backgrounds to ease relationships and communication among them. Other important forums in which these communication barriers can be managed is through support or encouragement of free flow of communication among colleagues.

It is apparent that communication and motivation of workers is key to improved performance. Organizations that provide good working environment and open their lines of communication between their workers and management help in creating cultural harmony, hence breaking barriers in communication related to culture and non verbal cues. Without communication, organization cannot be able to achieve their targets since employees are the most important assets in achievement of organization objectives. Another important thing individuals employees need to do is set goals and work hard to achieve them. The goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, and relevant and have a time frame. This goals will motivate them and enable them meet their objectives at the same time avoiding any stress.  Stress is rampant in many employees and through proper planning and organization, stress can be managed. Hence, it is important that employees set goals, be motivated and work under stress free conditions, embrace each other cultures and communicate to promote cohesion and improve performance and success in the entire organization.

 

References

Austin Community College, (2007). Performance excellence program: Goal setting guideline.       Retrieved from:  http://www.austincc.edu/hr/eval/forms/pepgoalsetting.pdf

Pranee, C. (2010). Intercultural communication challenges and multinational organization communication. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 3 (2):6-20,

Thriven, U., Treven, S., & Zizek, S. (2011). Effective approaches to managing stress of     employees. Review of Management Innovation & Creativity, 41(10): 46-57.

Wilson, S., & Dobson, M. (2008). Goal Setting: How to Create an Action Plan and Achieve         Your Goals. In: WorkSmart. 2nd ed. AMACOM Books. 2008. eBook. 128p

 

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Osteoporosis

Question one

In determining the age, sex and size of a person skeleton, forensic anthropologist will examine the bone structure or the microscopic bone structure (UC Santa Cruz, n.d). In determining the sex of a skeleton, the pubic bone of the pelvis is used. Furthermore, long bones, characteristics of scrum and the long bones are investigated in determining sex amongst adult. On the other hand, juveniles and infants identification of sex is complex because they lack secondary sex characteristics since they have not reached adolescent, but the process is the same.

Age of a skeleton is determined through investigation of its general conditions such as osteoporosis, lipping of the vertebral bodies and presence of arthritis. In teenagers, epiphyseal (growth) plate fusion of the skeleton patterns and eruption of teeth are used (UC Santa Cruz, n.d).

Among adults, there size is estimated by the length of long bone and extrapolating the measurements in estimating of their heights. In most cases, the size of teenagers is not accurate because they are not fully grown (UC Santa Cruz, n.d). On the other hand, weight of a person Skelton can be approximated by examining the thickness of bones. For instance, a skeleton that has no growth plates in its long pelvis, has wide pelvis, has minimal wear on its joints, short and thin bones may indicate a young and mature woman.

Question two

The diagnosis of the child was osteoporosis. Even though, it is common disease amongst adults above 50 years, the symptoms of the child show those of osteoporosis. The bones of the child are tenders and have deformities in the pelvic and cranial bones.

The treatment of the disease includes provision of diet that is rich in calcium. Calcium is recommended because it will help in stopping bone loss and in providing enough materials that the body uses to form bones (PubMed Health, 2010, para. 10). Vitamins D and proteins should equally be included in the diet. Example of foods that the child should be feed includes cheese, ice cream, salmon, yoghurt and many others.  Natural treatment options are also available such as exercise. The child should engage in frequent exercises such as jogging, walking, use of rowing machines and even bicycle riding. This exercise will help to strengthen the pelvic bones and help the child to recover from the situation.

Review on osteoporosis

In the article, Osteoporosis in men’, By Gretchen, the study is based on people as subjects. The study investigates the osteoporosis in men and achieves this by studying a 71 old elderly man with the disease (Gretchen, 2011, p. 72). The sample was selected randomly. The study is limited and the period of investigation is short. The methodology used in gathering information is observation and interview. The participant’s behaviors were observed such as smoking. Furthermore, investigation of his prior behaviors such as eating and exercises were brought into limelight. The interview helped soliciting important information about the lifestyle of the individual hence helping in making findings.

The study results showed that most cases of osteoporosis are not treated until the situation becomes severe. This is attributed to the limitation or inaccessibility of accepted screening guidelines. His conclusion is that there are various risk factors for the disease including, age, body habits, race, tobacco abuse, and family history of fractures (Gretchen, 2011, p. 72). Therefore, there is need to educate the public on this disease in order to enable them seek treatment and for screening early before it becomes out of hand. The results are authentic and true because, the sample size chosen had most of the complications associated with the disease. This study is different from other because it had few sample size but still managed to provide sufficient information. Therefore, the researcher could have increased a sizeable sample to ensure to make his results more authentic.

In Jeane and Katherine research, they investigated people over the age of 50 years. Subject was selected randomly from different databases and literature reviews. The length of study was short. The methodology used in the study included computerized literature searches from database and academic search premier of people above 50 years (Jeane, & Katherine, 2011, p. 1). The results showed that few men were aware of the disease and the risks that the diseases posed. The conclusion is that, education on the risk of the disease should be identified.  The study is different from other since it based its research on computerized searches as most studies use questionnaires and interviews. However, it is credible since authoritative sources of information were used. Nevertheless, further research needs to be done through validated instruments.

Brian and Syamal studied on how the osteoporosis can be managed in elderly people.  There study was based on empirical study and therefore descriptive. From their investigations and study, they postulate that men have been ignored compared to women when it comes to screening and treatment of osteoporosis.  The consequences of the disease is rife for both men and women and therefore quick measures need to be put in place to ensure that men are also well taken care of. Fracture prevention is one of the areas that men are not well treatment and therefore presents health risk (Brian, & Shyamal, 2011, p. 113). However, even though there is inadequate studies on how the disease affects men, further researches need to be conducted to provide a clear understanding of this disease.

 

References

Brian, J, & Shyamal, D. (2011).Management of osteoporosis in elderly men, Maturitas,      69(2):113-119.

Gretchen, M. (2011). Osteoporosis in men, Journal of Men’s Health, 8(1):72-82.

Jeane, M., & Katherine, A. (2011). Older men’s knowledge about osteoporosis and educational    interventions to increase osteoporosis knowledge in older men: A systematic review,           Maturitas, 68(1):5-12.

PubMed Health, (2010). U.S National Library of Medicine: Osteoporosis. Retrieved from             http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001400/

UC Santa Cruz, (n.d). Physical Anthropology: Forensic osteological investigations laboratory.      Retrieved from http://foil.ucsc.edu/WhatWeDo.htm

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My Developmental Progression

Section 1

Humans pass through many stages between the time conception takes place and the time they become old age. This period between the conception and the time one is in his/her old age is known as lifespan development. The study of intra-individual, methodical changes relating with the progressions contacting old age is known as lifespan psychology. In this study, psychologists engage in the observation of the lifespan perspective. This perspective supports that significant changes take place during ones development. In this lifespan perspective, there are lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual developments taking place until ones death (Santrock, 2010).

In the lifespan perspective, the term lifelong means that these changes take place through ones life. It means that they take place from the time conception takes place from a single cell, up to ones death. Contrary to popular perspectives, the development of early adulthood does not mark the endpoint of development (Santrock, 2009). In addition, there is no age period that is more dominant that the rest. Each age period is significant in its discipline. This term is incorporated in reference to development as a lifetime process. In other words, development is constantly taking place, whether rapidly or gradually.

The term multidimensional refers to the socio-emotional, cognitive and biological dimensions of development (Santrock, 2010). The biological dimension refers to the physical development of individuals from the time they are infants, children, adolescents, young adults, middle adults and then end up being old adults. The cognitive dimension recognizes the development of mental processes of reasoning, judgment, memory and perception on the face of volitional and emotional processes (Friedman et al., 2008). The socio-emotional dimension depicts the variations occurring in individuals’ relationships, emotions and personality in their lifetime (Willis & Martin, 2005). In the lifespan perspective, the multidimensional development categorizes the various developments that take place within an individual. This is significant as it allows psychologists to understand human beings from different dimensions as compared to understanding them from one angle. It also helps them to understand the relation of one dimension with the other as far as development is concerned.

Plasticity of development depicts that development has the capacity for change (Santrock, 2010). Development is not permanent. By understanding this, the professionals are always open-minded as there they give room for discovery. There are revelations made concerning, the socio-emotional, biological or the cognitive dimensions of development. These changes are studied so that they can guide the professionals in finding out the right approaches to address them (Brown, 2008).

Lifespan perspective refers to development as being multidisciplinary. This shows that development attracts interests from various professional disciplines. These include sociologists, medical researchers, neurologists, anthropologists and psychologists, amongst other disciplines (Santrock, 2010). The significance of this perspective is that it allows all these professionals to work both in their own disciplines and in coordination with other disciplines in order to understand these developments, making the necessary positive changes needed.

Development occurs within a given setting. This is why development is referred to as contextual. The cultural, social, economic and historical factors are very influential in each setting (Santrock, 2010). There are three types of influences exerted by these contexts. The influences, which are similar for persons in a given group, are known as normative age-graded influences. There are also influences, which are common to persons who are of a given generation due to historical conditions. These are known as normative history-graded influences. The non-normative life events are unusual occurrences, which have a significant effect on a person’s life (Santrock, 2010). The contextual development allows the professionals to look at development from a critical angle. They analyze other influences that may contribute to the past current or future state of an individual.

Section 2:

My Developmental Changes

Physical developmental changes: When I was growing up, I was considered shorter than most children in my age group were. Currently, I am 5’4” tall. I was also quite thinner than most of my peers until I reached eight years old. My hair color is red; a color that is not so dominant in many people. As I grew up, I started becoming the same height and weight as most of my peers. These physical changes in me represent the biological dimension of development in the multidimensional aspect. Due to the similarity in genes and other hereditary factors, I have a physical resemblance to my siblings and my parents.

I had and still have little control over my physical development. For example, I could not control my height and the color of my hair unless I dyed it. The only part I had control over, to some extent, was my weight. This is because our lifestyles can influence our weight gain, loss or maintenance. Weight is highly influenced by our lifestyles and our environment. During the biological/physical dimension, the developments/changes taking place in us may also be both interesting and frightening, as we have never experienced them before. After all, nobody experiences childhood or adolescence twice.

The first time I heard a difference/change on my chest, during my adolescent days, was very interesting. This is because my bust started growing bigger a little earlier than that of my classmates. Since it was very itchy, I thought there was something wrong with me. This change came with a surprise since I was not very familiar with these changes. I had learnt little about adolescence and puberty changes and so I knew little about the changes going on. Although the teacher tried to explain these changes to us at some point in my eighth or ninth grade, I still found myself shying away and I almost spoilt my back as I tried to walk with a bend so that I could hide my chest. As I became an adult, I noticed that I had a major role to play in my physical development. This was through the way I eat and my general lifestyle. As I am in my middle adulthood, I frequently visit the doctor and watch my lifestyle so that I would be in a better shape during my old age.

Cognitive development: My learning skills were better as compared with most of my peers. Despite my short height, my grades were very impressive and I was disciplined although I still had some naughty characters, which is normal in the boys and girls of my age. However, I was not particularly proficient with my mathematical tables as it took me quite a long time to learn them. I also did not like reading during my first few years in school. However, this attitude changed as I progressed in school. I started to enjoy reading until I could not have enough of reading. During the days I was at home, I would climb a tree and read until it was dark.

Some of these mental processes could be influenced while others could not (Valsiner & Connoly, 2003). For example, I learnt my multiplication tables when I reached the third and the fourth grades. I used to cry when it was time to read, despite my mother’s effort to make the exercise easier, until I reached my middle years. The delay in learning multiplications may have been caused by the strengths in some learning abilities in relation to others. Although I am not poor in mathematics, I am not as competent in this area as I am in the sciences and the languages. This is despite my efforts of trying to master these areas all my life. This development is beyond my influence. However, I like sports a lot. I used to participate in every new sporting event dominating during the summer holidays. The male figures in my family also like sports. This development may be hereditary or it may have been influenced by the environment I grew up in.

Socioemotional. As earlier mentioned, my hair is red in color. Due to this appearance, my peers nicknamed me “red, red tomato head”. Although this nickname did not bother me, I did not like it. When I think of it now, I wished that they would stop calling me this nickname. However, I allowed them to call me so because I did not want to lose their friendship, a behavior or character that is seen in people, whether children, adolescents or adults. I also tried to behave like the way my peers did, just as it is common with most teenagers. In the process, I would get into trouble with the school’s administration or with my parents. As I grew older, I learnt to make my own decisions, to think before acting and to stand my grounds if I wanted to be respected.  

Like in any other family, we were always fighting with my siblings. This is because we were in constant competition with each other. However, we would back each other up when it came to our parents. As much as we liked fighting, none of us was happy when they saw the other unhappy. This was caused by the emotional and family bond that was present among us. Our individual developments led us to have different behaviors. There are those who are talkative while others are excellent listeners. Due to the different environments and the circumstances that we all ended up in as adults, some of my family members are positive about life while others are bitter towards life. Consequently, some members drink smoke and engage in other unattractive behaviors even in their adult age. Unfortunately, most of these people got in these behaviors as an outcome of peer pressure, and they have never been strong enough to make a decision to stop (“Special Issue”, 2004).

Obituary: We are sad to announce the death of Mrs. McMillen, which took place on 31 December 2065. She was born on July 23, 1966 in Clremore, Oklahoma. Her parents are the late Mr. Y and Mrs. Z. and he is a sister to many siblings. At the time of her death, she was 99 years old, being a wife to Jerry McMillen and a mother of three daughters and one son whom are Sidney, Jennifer, Kelsey and Dakota. Shee was also a mother-in law to Mr. C., Mr. D., Mr C and Mrs. McMillen. She had many grandchildren and many great-grandchildren.

Mrs. McMillen will be remembered by many due to her love for children. She dealt with children professionally as she was a school psychologist before her retirement, and she engaged in activities, which encouraged positive child development. As a woman of action, she founded a program that encourages teenagers to take part in sporting activities as an alternative to taking drugs or engaging in alcohol. These activities also include hiking, camping, diving, football, tennis, soccer, amongst other activities. She has also been greatly influential in the past thirty years, when it comes to the decisions made by the American Psychology Association board on children/teenagers issues.

She has played a crucial role in shaping her very talented children and their children. Most of us if not all, can attest to one generosity or another, either directly or indirectly, that has reached us through Mrs. McMillen. Since she has traveled both in the United States and outside the nation, she has tried the most she can to bring the social perspective of the children. This includes understanding their behaviors, their circumstances and their environment so that she could work with what was present in order to bring change. Her burial arrangements and burial dates will be announced to you as soon as possible.

You Will Always Be Remembered in our Hearts McMillen.

 

References

Brown, C. (2008). Developmental psychology. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Friedman, H., Martin, L., Tucker, J., Criqui, M., Kern, M., & Reynolds, C. (January 01, 2008). Stability of Physical Activity across the Lifespan. Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 8, 1092-1104.

Santrock, J. W. (2010, October 19). Lifespan development. 13^th Ed. New York, NY: McGrawHill Companies.

Special Issue Lifespan Development Issues and Aging. (March 01, 2004). Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 29, 1, 94.

Valsiner, J., & Connolly, K. J. (2003). Handbook of developmental psychology. London: SAGE Publications.

Willis, S. L., & Martin, M. (2005). Middle adulthood: A lifespan perspective. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

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Coca cola budget

Introduction

Below is an analysis of the Coca cola flexible budget for three consecutive years. A flexible budget is an estimation of the actual budget. It is used to come up with an accurate financial plan. The actual budget is then prepared and used to run the company.

Coca Cola company budget for year 2008

(Figures in billions)

Production costs                                             3.5

Marketing costs                                               2.2

Wages and salaries                                          5.1

Corporate social responsibility                        1.4

Maintenance                                                    3.3

Miscellaneous                                                  1.7

Total                                                                17.2

 

Coca cola company budget for year 2009

(Figures in billions)

Production cost                                               3.2

Marketing costs                                               2.6

Wages and salaries                                          5.0

Corporate social responsibility                        1.7

Maintenance                                                    3.1

Miscellaneous                                                  1.4

Total                                                                17

 

 

 

Coca cola company budget for the year 2010

Production costs                                             3.0

Marketing cost                                                2.5

Wage and salaries                                           4.8

Corporate social responsibilities                      1.6

Maintenance                                                    2.9

Miscellaneous                                                  1.3

Total                                                                16.1

 

The sales growth and current economic growth

The sales growth rate is between 4-6%. It has been influenced by the reduced costs in the budget through out the three years. The company was able to produce more hence, more sales. Growth sales have also increased profits. In 2009, the net profit was seven hundred and thirty one million dollars.

The current growth rate in the economy is about 3.5%. It shows that the Coca cola Company is competitive in the market (Foster, 2008).

Coca cola competitors

Other major companies that compete with Coca Cola Company are PepsiCo and Cadbury Schweppes. Coca cola is the leader in USA market share. It covers 42.9% while Pepsi covers 31.2%. Cadbury and Schweppes follow with a rate of 17.6 %. This company has liabilities or debts, which it pays at an interest of 4%. This value is determined by several factors like future losses.

 

Coca cola tax

The company is responsible for paying tax. There is no general rate at which it is taxed. This is because various entities are charged different rates of tax (Kahn, 1960).

Conclusion

There are several lessons to learn from this case study. It assists an individual to learn how to prepare a budget. The person preparing will also be able to analyze it and come up with an actual budget. A flexible budget is particularly useful to the manager. It gives an estimation of the actual budget. After the flexible budget is made, the manager can use it in working out accurate costs of each operation (Hays, 2004).

 

 

References

Foster, R. J. (2008). Coca-globalization: Following soft drinks from New York to New Guinea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Hays, C. L. (2004). The real thing: Truth and power at the Coca-Cola Company. New York: Random House.

Kahn, E. J., & National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1960). The big drink: The story of Coca-Cola. New York: Random House.

Tsorakidis, N. (2009). Break-Even Analysis. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from http://bookboon.com/en/business/finance/break-even-analysis-1

Walther, l. (2010). Chapter Eighteen. Cost-Volume-Profit and Business Scalability. Retrieved November 15. 2011 from http://www.principlesofaccounting.com

 

 

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Technology

All businesses have interdependent components. They should be managed as a single system because their activities affect each other. Such management qualities are Total Management Qualities. Implications of not viewing a business as a system in a restaurant set up would be neglecting to renew the menus. This may be to save on costs. The management’s complacency will make the waiters and kitchen stuff be equally complacent. This kind of complacency will produce low quality service that will chase most of the restaurant’s customers. New customers will be reluctant to try out its services. This shows us that each component in a business affects the other, and they must therefore, be treated as one.

When implementing Total Quality Management, values are an important factor as they affect how employees and other individuals behave. Some values that will help achieve Total Quality Management are: working together as the company, suppliers and customers; no superiors or subordinates; open honest communication; access to information by everyone; focusing on the processes and learning through failures and successes. These values are based on the realistic view of businesses.

Working in the business with an attitude of being one is important. This will help individuals to identify with the company. Working as one will build teams and the teamwork will cultivate a sense of commitment among the managers, employees, suppliers and customers. Loyalty also develops among those affiliated to the business. The value of no subordinates or superiors allows one to unlock the full potential of their abilities. The value stresses on the importance of each member’s contribution to the realization of business success. Everyone will feel like a colleague. Dishonest communication is detrimental to a business’ success. Empathy and good listening skills will help individuals to achieve open and honest communication.

Open and easy access to business information by the employees will ensure work is done efficiently. This encourages choices based on accurate and complete information. Focusing on the processes is a value that places importance on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Employees need not feel divorced from the overall purpose of the activities they do. This value shifts effort from blaming individuals to encouraging them to come up with means of resolving problems in the processes. Members of a business ought to look at failure and success as learning opportunities. Failure and success help the management and employees evaluate their relationship with the customers. Success means improving the quality or service offered to the customer. This attitude should therefore be applied when looking at a success or failure.

The culture of a company reflects the values of a leader. Employees in a business end up adapting these values. This will be regardless of whether the values are positive or negative. As the leader, one should personalize the fundamental values advised by authors and successful business personalities. Changing a business’ culture will include encouraging a sense of belonging among the workers and eliminating systems that discriminate based on hierarchy. There should also be a review of policies. Those that encourage performance should be implemented. Training should also be done on communication and Total Quality Management. Legends and symbols illustrating the values of the business should also be introduced. The top management should show unwavering commitment to these values.

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International Tourism

            Tourism has become a significant income earner for many nations. In order to maximize on this potential, it is therefore crucial to analyze some of the major aspects of international tourism. This paper analyzes how the implementation of brand personality components in a nation’s attempt to capture the international market. A comparison is made on the brand personality components between the standpoints of the brand organizers and culture representatives. This is with the aim of finding out whether there is an existing or a non-existent gap. To complement this, advice is forwarded on the various implementation approaches in the execution of brand personality focusing on the various perspectives.

The point of view from a supplier after being analyzed is then compared to the perspectives of the inhabitants. On the other hand, by applying the brand personality scale and adaptation in accordance with this research, the comparisons and differences between the two are more clearly laid out. This is accomplished by researching on the various comparisons and contrasts between brand personality and destination branding. The various stakeholders in this line of tourism are also taken into account, and their involvement compounded with whether they positively or negatively affect international tourism in the host nation.

One particular nation is taken into account and its various brands. The brand personality of the nation in question is necessary to analyze, and how the partners and brand representatives. This article will also analyze how brand personality is perceived by the citizens in the host nation and the various culture representatives. The gap between the perceived brand personality and the realistic brand personality is important to analyze and verify whether brand personality has played its intended role or it is deviating from its intended purpose.

In order to accomplish this, various methods of research will have to be taken into account that would mainly consist of secondary research that will involve reading through academic articles and other reliable documents. Journals and brochures researching on international tourism are crucial in the analysis, in addition to the local newspapers and city marketing reports. Minimal field research is taken into account by conducting small-scale interviews, surveys within the neighborhood, in addition to personal observations.

It is particularly beneficial to take into account the various limitations identified during the analysis. An insight is provided on the city marketing after taking into account the analysis of various secondary sources. This is followed by making brand personality a crucial component, in addition to analyzing the various brand stakeholders by looking through their perspective on brand personality of the host nation. This is compared to the other assets, the laid out framework as depicted in the brand personality scale of Jennifer Aaker. The host nation’s dimensions as laid out in the brand founders are also analyzed, and a comparison made, in addition to the preparation of a visual template in the identification of the personality behind the host nation.

It is identified that the personalities from both sides have various similarities as well as differences. The differences are mainly identified in the anticipated commercial and innovative personality that is identified in the gap between the supplier perspective in comparison to the opinion of an open minded and innocent inhabitant. Thereafter, recommendations are identified and laid out in conformity and collaboration of the various stakeholders. This is inclusive of the inhabitants of the host nation.

 

References

Andranovich, G., Burbank, M. J., & Heying, C. H. (2001). Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega-event politics. Journal of Urban Affairs, 23(2), 113-131.

Australian Heritage Commission (1994) Tourism for the future: a selected bibliography on ecotourism and cultural tourism. Australian Government Pub. Service, Canberra.

Burgan, B., & Mules, T. (2001). Reconciling cost-benefit and economic impact assessment for event tourism. Tourism Economics, 7(4), 321-330.

Burton, R. (2003). Olympic Games host city marketing: An exploration of expectations and outcomes. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(1), 37-47.

Chalip, L., & Costa, C. A. (2005). Sport event tourism and the destination brand: Towards a general theory. Sport in Society, 8(2), 218-237.

Coates, D., & Humphreys, B. R. (2006). Proximity benefits and voting on stadium and arena subsidies. Journal of Urban Economics, 59(2), 285-299.

Connell, J., & Page, S. J. (2005). Evaluating the economic and spatial effects of an event: The case of the World Medical and Health Games. Tourism Geographies, 7(1), 63-85.

Crompton, J. L. (2006). Economic impact studies: Instruments for political shenanigans? Journal of Travel Research, 45(1), 67-82.

Daniels, M. J. (2004). Beyond input-output analysis: Using occupation-based modeling to estimate wages generated by a sport tourism event. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 75-82.

Eagles, P.F.J. and Nilsen, P. (1997) Ecotourism: an annotated bibliography for planners and managers. The Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.

 

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Marketable Securities

Marketable securities are securities such as bonds, which are liquid, meaning that they can be converted easily into cash. They have short maturities, usually less than one year. They are a form of investment since companies usually use them as a way of preserving their cash, and using idle funds. The U.S. treasury marketable securities are meant to raise money for the operations of the federal government, and pay maturing obligations (Treasury Direct, 2011). Marketable securities have a ready market, and this reduces the time required to liquidate the securities. There are different marketing securities, and investors usually decide on the type of securities to purchase based on the liquidity and maturity of the securities.

Marketable securities can be classified into debt held to maturity, trading securities, and securities, which are available for sale. Debts held to maturity are a type of securities, which the company intends to hold until they mature. Financial institutions invest in trading securities when they want profits within a short period. Trading securities are bought and sold frequently. They are affected by changes in the market value, and this affects the net income. Securities available for sale are held by non-financial institutions, and they are meant for a specific cash need (Nikolai et al., 2009).

People or institutions wishing to invest in marketable securities have to consider the financial and interest rate risk attached to the type of security. Long-term securities such as treasury bonds are safe, but are affected by the interest rates. Companies invest in securities with the hope that they will earn an interest after the securities mature. Firms investing in securities hope to get the same amount of money they had invested, or more. They do not intend to make any losses. They also have to check the liquidity, and the amount to be taxed on the securities. Investors have to ensure that the securities are marketable at the par value. The investors have to ensure that they do not run the risk of the issuer defaulting by failing to them the interest or the amount promised. They have to check the creditworthiness of the issuer so that they can protect their investment.

Some types of marketable securities include commercial paper, banker’s acceptance and treasury bills. The U.S. treasury marketable securities include treasury bills, treasury notes, bonds, and treasury inflation-protected securities (Treasury Direct, 2011). The government offers these securities at public auctions when it wants to raise money for its expenses. Although the auctions are an open process, many of the bids offered by the treasury are taken up by brokerage firms and financial institutions, which then sell them in smaller quantities to the public, and this guarantees them a profit. The interest can be paid by installments, what is known as coupon payments, or it can be paid in whole once the securities mature. Many people opt for the government securities because they are safe. The government ensures that it pays all investors the full principal, and the interest earned. Other types of securities however have the advantage of ensuring higher yields. Treasury securities are exempt securities, and do not have to be registered since they are not subject to the Securities Act passed in 1933 (Boston Institute of Finance, 2005).

Treasury bills are short-term marketable securities offered by the treasury. They are usually issued at a discount, and are redeemed at the full market price. The treasury bills are usually sold in 4-week, 13-week, 26-week and 52-week maturities. The U.S. treasury auctions the bills weekly. The minimum amount, which the bills are sold at, is $1000 (Treasury Direct, 2011). They can be transferred easily since they do not bear the investor’s name. Treasury bills have remained popular despite the fact that they are low yielding. This is because they are risk free and they mature quickly. The bills are especially ideal for companies that need ready cash. Treasury notes are mid term securities, usually lasting more than one year, up to ten years. They pay a fixed rate of interest until the securities mature. Only the principal is redeemed after the security matures. Treasury notes can be sold below, at or above the face value, and the interest is usually paid after every six months (GAO, n. d.). Treasury bonds are long term marketable securities, which mature more than ten years after the date of issue. Like the treasury notes, they can be paid below, at or above the face value. The interest is paid after six months, and the investor is paid at face value once the bonds mature (GAO, n. d.).

Investors can decide to use the treasury inflation protected securities. The principal is adjusted after six months to reflect the value of the inflation, according to the consumer price index. The principal increases with inflation and the interest increases since it also depends on the adjusted principal. The inflation-protected securities are sold in five, ten or thirty year terms. Once the security matures, the investor gets the principal that has already been adjusted to reflect the inflation, or the original amount he or she had invested. Investors do not get less than they had invested. The principal decreases when there is a deflation, but the amount does not go below the face value. In non-competitive bids, investors can purchase up to $5 million worth of securities. In competitive bids, the maximum amount that investors can purchase is 35% of the amount offered (Treasury Direct, 2011). Repurchase agreements refer to the sale of government securities, whereby there is a promise of repurchase. The seller sells the securities to the borrower with the agreement that he will later buy back the securities on a particular date at a specified price. The set re-purchase price is usually higher than the initial selling price. The buyer usually knows the amount, which will be made when the transaction is done.

Large businesses, such as financial institutions, sell unsecured promissory notes, in the form of commercial paper, when they need the cash. Unlike the treasury bills, commercial papers are usually sold at high denominations. They can be issued by dealers or by the institutions offering them. Most institutions prefer to offer the commercial papers to the investors since they find it more profitable. Although commercial papers are short-term, they are not as popular as other short-term securities such as treasury bills. The returns gained on this investment are used in current assets. Commercial papers are only issued by institutions or companies with high credit ratings. The maturity of the commercial paper usually depends on the specific need, but it does not usually exceed 270 days. Most of the investors choose to hold their papers until they mature. Commercial papers hold a certain risk, because they depend on the creditworthiness of the issuer. They have a higher yield than the treasury securities because they do not have an active secondary market. Investors who purchase the commercial papers through dealers realize a higher yield than those purchasing the paper directly from the issuer.

Bankers’ acceptances are drafts mostly used in international trade. They are usually short-term, and most of them have a maturity of less than six months. They have a ready market because of the active trading. They are drawn on banks by companies dealing with foreign trade. The acceptances are bought and sold at a discount. When the bank accepts the drafts, it means that it will pay the holder of the draft the amount stated, once it matures. Banks can sell the acceptances directly or they can use other dealers. Dealers usually purchase the acceptances with the intent of selling them back to the investors. They are cautious about the credibility and creditworthiness of the bank. Large banks with large market share trade on the secondary markets. The acceptances depend on the exchange rates since the banks use their own rating. Banks have to be wary of the credibility of the customer so that they do not make any loss when financing the transaction. Banks have to ensure that customers can pay their debts.

Negotiable certificates of deposits are receipts offered by banks for cash, which has been deposited in the bank for a fixed period. The maturity of the certificate depends on the need of the investor, and it is negotiated between the issuer and the investor. Once the certificates mature, the investors receive the amount they had deposited in addition to the interest earned on the principal. Most banks prefer to issue the certificate in bearer form because it can be used in secondary markets. The negotiable certificates of deposits are safe, although they can be risky if the banks that had issued them collapsed. The certificates are not usually redeemed before maturity, although they are negotiable. The investor receives the face value and the interest earned once the investors redeem their security after maturity. They are issued in large amounts which range from $100 000 to $1 million (Boston Institute of Finance, 2005).

Marketable securities are important when the investors want to store cash for a short period. They attract investors because they are short-term, highly marketable and liquid. They are a better alternative than depositing the cash in the bank since they earn more interest. The type of the securities purchased depends on the intention of the investors. Some investors want to invest the money temporarily when they have idle funds. Others invest in securities so that they meet an expected need in the future. People prefer government securities because they are secure and guaranteed. When deciding the type of marketable securities to purchase, investors have to consider the liquidity, maturity, yield, financial, and investment risk. Treasury securities are low yielding, but they are more popular since they are safe and they have a ready market. Some other types of marketable securities have high yields, but they are risky.

 

References:

Boston Institute of Finance (2005). Boston Institute of Finance stockbroker course: Series 7 and series 63 test preparation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons

GAO (n. d.). Debt management. U.S. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/special.pubs/longterm/debt/debtmanagement.html

Nikolai, A. L., Bazley, D. J., & Jones, P. J. (2009). Intermediate accounting. New York, NY: Cengage Learning

Treasury Direct (2011). Treasury marketables factsheet. Retrieved from http://www.treasurydirect.gov/news/presskit/presskit_marketables.htm

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Turbo blaster Air Pump

Introduction

The turbo blaster air pump is a type of machine, which helps in minimizing the volume and adds the pressure for a certain amount of air through a mechanical means. In this case, the compressed air acquires a high amount of potential energy. This is because if the external pressure is eradicated, the air expands at a faster rate. As air is compressed, it is also heated. The turbo blaster comprises of three main parts including the barrel assembly, plunger assembly and the hose.

Features

The machinery is compact, lightweight and portable.

The air pump can be used for any type of small inflatable device.

It weighs 60 pounds per square inch.

Brass

In this section of the air pump, the octagonal barrel cap permits access to the pump mechanism diaphragm. It is fibered to connect to the interior part and includes a hole in the center measuring a quarter inch that slides over the shaft. A hole located at one side of the cap section measuring one eighth of an inch permits air to enter the interior section.

Barrel assembly

This section of the air pump comprises of the three sections including the interior or housing, barrel cap and a toe plate.

Plunger assembly

This section contains three parts including a rod, handle and a diaphragm.

Rod

The rod measures a quarter of an inch by sixteen and a half inches, which is threaded by a steel shaft. Above the thread is a wooden handle that measures one by six inches. At the bottom, a diaphragm and leather washer is secured by two nuts measuring a quarter inches.

Housing

This is a hollow section containing a steel barrel, which measures four and a half inches by seventeen inches. The top end is threaded to receive the barrel cap. It contains a covered fabric that measures eighteen inches and a rubber hose of one inch that screw into the housing right above the base with a compressed brass fitting.

Plate base

This part measures four and a half inches and it is where the operator stands during the process-taking place in the pump’s plunger mechanism.

Operator

This part of the air pump fastens the hose nozzle onto the filler stem of an object to be filled with air. It then stands on the toe plate and pumps the plungers as it swings in order to inflate the object. However, inflatable objects in different measurements may need size filler needles that are different.

Pump

The device measures 18 inches and is made of steel rubber hosing and brass fittings.

Plunger system

This section is fitted into the housing section and is protected by the barrel cap.

Cost

The main retailing price for the turbo blast air pump costs nineteen dollars and ninety-five cents.

Conclusion

The turbo blast is a commendable type of machinery especially when the quality of its structure, design or making is considered. Besides, it is more inexpensive to buy an item whose features reassure reliability. The turbo blast air pump is also made of a steel construction, that is rust proof and hence the customer can be assured of benefiting from a long period of high quality service. The different sections of the air pump are made of high quality material including steel and brass, which gives it strength of high quality. A high quality device reduces maintenance costs and hence in the case of the air pump, it will be able to perform its function for storing great potential energy without giving any challenges.

 

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Leadership Theories

Introduction

From the “great man” theory to the ‘transformational’ theory, the theories of leadership have evolved over time. They have evolved from being leader centered to incorporating the followers of the leader. It has been proven that the latter evolvement has played a crucial role in achieving results from the subjects. The transformational theory or the relationship theories have successfully executed this concept. This theory focuses on the present connection between the followers and the leaders. The transformational leadership is the most effective in most organizations.

Apply one of the leadership theories from the course text to the organization. Explain how the theory works, including an example.

Transformational Leadership

            As earlier identified, today, leadership is not only about achieving the targeted goals or results but it also about making the followers achieve their individual potentials. The transformational theories emphasize on this concept. Transformational leaders are thoughtful thinkers, inspiring, risk-takers, daring and visionary (Woods 64). In other words, their appeal is particularly charismatic. A transformational leader is concerned with creating a positive change in those following him/her. He/she encourages the followers to take care of the interests in every individual. In transformation leadership, being charismatic is not enough. Inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence and individual consideration are very significant (Woods 65).

Explain the effect of power and influence on followers that the leader of the organization has. Are the followers receptive? Would you recommend another strategy? Explain. If not, why not?

The role of inspirational motivation is to promote consistent mission, visions and values to the followers. These factors enable the leaders to bring the significant changes necessary for a leader to be as effective as he/she is supposed to be. For the leaders, their vision becomes so compelling they are able to identify their interest from every interaction. These leaders give the followers a sense of challenge and meaning. The leaders work with a lot of enthusiasm and optimism, fostering the spirit of commitment and teamwork.

Intellectual stimulators encourage the followers to be both creative and innovative. These leaders do not discourage, criticize or look down upon those ideas that are not up to the required standard. Instead, they guide and point out on the areas of improvement as they encourage the followers to be more creative or imaginative. As the followers do these activities, they are able to realize their own potentials and areas of interest as they develop the business, organization or institution.

Idealized influencers believe that a leader should do what he says. Leaders should lead by actions rather than leading by words. This will enable them to set a good example for the followers to follow. These leaders are the followers’ role model. By doing this, the leaders win the respect and the trust of the followers, which makes it easier for them to lead these followers. The leaders use power aimed at influencing the followers to work hard in order to achieve the organization’s goals.

Each follower is unique and thus he/she should be rewarded for his/her own achievements. Individualized consideration focuses on the followers as individuals thus the leader acts as a mentor to each follower. The followers are empowered to make their own decisions, and they are given the support needed to make these individualized decisions.

A good example of where transformational leadership is practiced is at my work place where I work as a sales representative. The job is particularly challenging as most sales jobs are but my manager has made it quite interesting and fruitful. He is very inspirational and motivational to the members of my team (the company divides the representatives into different teams, each group being headed by a manager). In fact, our leader is so good that we have been the best performing team since last year. He started leading our team last year, and he was given an award for the best manager.

Evaluate the role and effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership in the organization.

Transformational and transactional leaders have proved to be the most effective when achieving the targets set and in the development and growth of any business. While transactional leadership focuses on an individual’s need to accomplish a job and earn from it, transformational leadership focuses on an individual’s need for meaning. Transactional leadership focuses on benefits, politics and position while the latter focuses on daily affairs (Ng & Greg 15). Additionally, the former is supportive of systems and structures, which establish and implement the core concepts, capitalize on efficiency and secure short-term profits. On the other hand, the later leadership supports internal systems and structures in order to strengthen overarching goals and values.

Examples

Both types of leadership dwell on different aspects of an organization. While the transactional type of leadership is more organization (as a structure) centered, the transformational leadership is follower/employee centered. In the example given, the type of leadership in my place of work is transformational. My manager capitalizes on improving the ability in the individual employees so that they can benefit the organization as a whole. In Barclays, a banking institution, which was first founded in Britain, the leadership used is transactional leadership. The management focuses on the structures and systems of the organization. Although the employees are significantly important to the organization, the management focuses on providing the ‘tools’ necessary in achieving the goals.

Assess the traits and characteristics of an effective team leader within the organization

Power and influence are highly significant to any organization. When a leader leads by example, the followers gain confidence in him/her. This becomes remarkably easy for him/her to influence the followers in the direction that will benefit the organization. When followers achieve the desired targets and goals, they can be easily rewarded. For example, my manager takes up the initiative of going out to make a sale even though he is not obligated to. By doing this, he is highly influential when he tells us that we can reach the sales target within a specific period. He has reached the target himself.

Explain how the leadership supports vision, mission, and strategy in the organization

One way the leadership in my workplace supports the vision, mission and strategies of the organization, is by making us believe in them (Elgamal 168). He makes us believe that it is possible to achieve the vision, mission and goals. He also makes us believe in the abilities and the potentials we convey. This is a significant factor, which shows the followers that the leader is in support of the organization. In order to show the total support, the team is able to accomplish most, if not all, of the goals and targets of the organization. After all, the only aim of being motivational and inspirational is to enable the organization achieve its vision and mission.

If you were the leader in the organization, what would you change and why?

If I were the leader, I would make it compulsory for all the leaders in the organization to use the transformational theory. In this way, the followers perform well not because they have to, but because they feel good about it and themselves.

Conclusion

The transformational leadership is the best to use on the current followers. Unfortunately, all the team leaders have not yet adopted the transformational form of leadership even though it has been highly advocated by the top management. Some team leaders still practice the contingency and the situational types of leadership. These types of leadership are organizational centered therefore they leave out on the needs of the individual followers. When employees are motivated and inspired, it reaches a point where they start becoming self-motivating. Every organization needs this.

Works cited

Elgamal, Mahmoud. “The Direct and Mediating Effects of Transactional and Transformational Leadership: a Comparative Approach.” Journal of Transnational Management Development. 9 (2004): 149-169. Print.

Ng, Eddy S. & Greg J. Sears. “CEO Leadership Styles and the Implementation of Organizational Diversity Practices: Moderating Effects of social Values and Age”. Journal of Business Ethics, 2012, 105: 14-52. Print. Doi. 10.1007/s10551-011-0933-7.

Woods, T.J. “Motivating Faculty Through Transactional and Transformational Leadership Strategies.” Journal of Leadership Studies Wiley. 1.2 (2007): 64-74. Print.

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Case Study

Question one: Problem statement

Instant Emergency alerts are becoming the main concern for a majority of Universities in the state of Virginia. The Virginia Tech was disapproved of because their mode of responding to emergencies from Universities appeared to be extremely slow. However, in the year 2007, the MarylandUniversity managed to initiate an alerting system, in which enables the alerting of emergent situations through the mobile phone by sending text messages. Conversely, problems surfaced including the legal difficulties, whereby the institution was unable to permit student contributions for the emergency service and therefore, had to apply different marketing strategies to petition for the intended contract.

This case is common in the United States since most Educational institutions that have adopted the emergency alerting message system have students that display slow adjustment to such technologies. However, the main issues to be considered is the slow pace of adopting the emergency systems, which are highly significant in contributing to ensure security within the society and the motivating factors that would increase this pace.

Question two

The research is considered significant in this topic because it will help in identifying the factors that explain the reason behind the emerging issues in the slow adaptation to the Emergency alert technology from the social and technical aspects. In addition, the outcome obtained from this research is also meant to lay an establishment for prospective studies concerning the Messaging alert technology in emergencies and the execution and design of the systems involved. This establishment would act as a solution of increasing the awareness in the importance of using alert emergency systems within various institutions.

Question three

The methods that are used in conducting the research involve initiating group discussions and personal interviews. The method involved an audio recording of information generated from focus groups. Therefore, the method used was adequate and effective because in focus groups, it is easier to get information since the members of the group have a sense of belonging in a comfortable environment, whereby they can express their various thoughts, views or opinions concerning the matter.

For example, obtaining information from a group of students in MarylandUniversity because they would share their views and experiences that would enable the researcher to determine factors responsible for the slow adjustment to the emergency alert systems. For example, after conducting research on focus groups, the results obtained could be categorized into social and technical factors. The students selected, as the group to give information would be representing views that would otherwise be provided by the entire student community.

The other method involving individual interviewing would also be effective in this case since such forms of interviews can be helpful when trying to investigate reasons for a particular behavior. For example, the individualized interview would enable the researcher to determine the underlying reason of the reluctance attitudes displayed by students towards the emergency text alerting systems.

Question four

            The results obtained from the research is definitely convincing because the information obtained is well detailed. Based on the main issue of discussion, the researcher has managed to conduct exhaustive research to the extent of categorizing the data in various sections. For example, the results have been obtained in the technical and social factors, which would enable the researcher to formulate strong grounds in explaining the reluctance behavior and attitudes in education systems towards emergency technologies.

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