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Leisure: The Basis of Culture – Josef Pieper

            This is one of the most insightful philosophical texts to be published in the twentieth century. The late Germany philosopher, Joseph Pieper, wrote this title during the post-WWII period. This was probably after he had observed that the twentieth century population in the West was so much engulfed in work, and had no time to “live.” This is what led him to write this book, and remind humanity about leisure, and its benefits. This book is even more relevant today than it was back in its initial years. Many people can relate to Pieper’s observations in this book, as work has robbed people of their life, including their leisure time. I would therefore, recommend this book to all people who live to work and do not work to live. This will challenge them to take a break, and ponder on the beauty of life, which is not found in their work, but in meaningful leisure.

I agree with all the claims made by Pieper in this book, as these are instances I experience every day, happening to me and to the people around me. Today, there is hardly time for leisure, as most people use every bit of their time in moneymaking activities, in order to live a comfortable life, which they have prioritized. Pieper does not condone this kind of lifestyle, but instead argues that people should find value in life by setting aside time for leisure, as it is also an important component of living.

When talking about leisure and emphasizing its importance, Pieper was not portraying himself as a hedonist, as he talked about a different kind of leisure, and not what most people, especially the youth know about leisure. I agree with Pieper’s view of a different kind of leisure. Today, when someone mentions the word “leisure,” what rings in the minds of most young people is drinking, partying, dancing, watching television, and going for holidays, among other such entertainment. Pieper considers leisure to be that peaceful time a person has rest and finds time to pray, time to appreciate nature and all existence, time to make scientific discoveries, time to write music and literature, time to study a favourite topic, and time to produce art work. According to Pieper’s definition of leisure, one might understand that leisure is doing what a person loves doing most. However, these activities must add value to a person’s being. As opposed to entertainment, such as dancing, the real leisure does not lead to exhaustion or monotony. Pieper was right on this. From my personal experience, I can attest to this. I love reading educational and inspirational literature. Every time I am free, I love getting my alone time, reading this literature. I can do this and never get tired, and when I am finally done, I feel a transformation, rejuvenation, as if I have suddenly gained more strength and drive in life. This is for sure the true meaning of leisure. Dancing wears a person out, drinking leaves one with headaches and irritation, sleeping too much makes one too tired; therefore, these do not qualify as the real definition of leisure.

As this book’s title suggests, Pieper believed that leisure is the basis or foundation of all cultures. With regard to Pieper’s perception of leisure, the term leisure gets a brand new meaning, to refer to an attitude in the mind and a state of one’s soul, where it is possible for one to comprehend the realities of the world. According to him, “Leisure has been, and always will be, the first foundation of any culture,” further “Leisure is not the attitude of the one who intervenes but of the one who opens himself; not of someone who seizes but of one who lets go, who lets himself go (Pieper, 32). Therefore, leisure is more spiritual and less physical, as it reconnects us with our inner self, and makes us comprehend the most important life questions about our origin, the present, and our destiny. This is true, as most of the time I am alone, sited in a quiet place, my mind tends to wander to faraway places, and I keep asking myself who I am, from where I came from, and where I am going. Therefore, true leisure gives us freedom to realize our life purpose and pursue it. This is unlike entertainment, which makes us do whatever we want to do.

Pieper also compares leisure in the Medieval Greek and leisure as it is was in the 20^th Century, and today. During the Medieval period, the Greek valued leisure and it was part of their culture. Arguably, “The value we set on work and on leisure is very far from being the same as that of the Greek and Roman world, or of the Middle Ages, for that matter—so very different that the men of the past would have been incapable of understanding the modern conception of work, just as we are unable to understand their notion of leisure simply and directly, without an effort of thought” (Pieper 22). However, today, humans have adopted an education and philosophy that denies them the opportunity to be receptive and contemplative in nature. People adore and worship their jobs, as they cannot survive without them. They use any extra time they have to engage in alternative moneymaking activities. This has made society lose touch with true philosophy, with existence, and spirituality. Today, a walk around the streets with “philosophical” eyes will reveal a population that is enslaved to money and other material things. This kind of lifestyle makes people risk losing their souls in the personal and cultural context. Pieper suggests that people should find time for themselves, to contemplate the infinite.

According to Pieper, leisure serves to unite us with God. He believes that human beings were made to be in union with God at all times. This can only be achieved through leisure, and not work. Working is an end in itself, and therefore, serves no function of connecting humans with the supernatural being. Therefore, the only way human beings today can remain in contact with their existence, is to reconcile the classical worldview into the contemporary worldview. As Plato had begun before, today’s philosophy must be married with theology to ensure humanity’s cultural and spiritual survival. This message by Pieper is correct and applies to the contemporary generation that is driven by the wrong pleasure, which is characterized by meaningless and negative entertainment, and obsession with material gains. Adopting this will see the world today a more peaceful place, devoid of all the restlessness that is experienced in every corner of the world due to different worries, which sometimes are not worth the restlessness.

Pieper ties true leisure to spiritual worship. “The celebration of divine worship, then, is the deepest of the springs by which leisure is fed and continues to be vital—though it must be remembered that leisure embraces everything which, without being merely useful, is an essential part of a full human existence” (Pieper 60). Therefore, only humans who participate in divine worship know the true meaning of leisure, as worship is a process that links people with their self, with existence, and with the supernatural being. He suggests that more people should experience leisure through this way. However, in as much as Pieper encourages people to embrace leisure, this should be sought after in the most appropriate ways. “Leisure cannot be achieved at all when it is sought as a means to an end, even though that end be “the salvation of Western civilization” (Pieper 62).

In conclusion, Pieper did a great job sharing this knowledge with the world. All the things he addresses in this book are real, and it is unfortunate that this is getting worse each day. These are revelations of what really is eating the society, although no one has ever stopped and thought about this. Both materialism and busy work schedules rob human beings of their sense of self. People today have neglected their spiritual sides and focused on physical enrichment only. This lack of balance between the physical and spiritual parts of human beings has resulted in the spiritual and psychological enslavement of human beings today. Pieper hoped that this could be resolved, if more people would pay, heed to the advice in this book. However, he warned that since leisure is the basis of culture, if humans continue to neglect leisure, they risk destroying their cultures. Nonetheless, I believe humans can avoid this by changing from their busy lives and giving a little focus to their existence. However, this might be challenging, considering the global economy and financial climate in the world today. If the heat in these cools down, people will have a little more time to indulge in meaningful leisure for the good of their body and soul.

 

Works Cited

Pieper, Josef. “Leisure: The Basis of Culture: Including the Philosophical ACT.” Trans.

Alexander Dru. London: Ignatius Press, 2009.

 

 

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Ali Ghandour

 

Indian Negotiation Styles

ABSTRACT

Over the centuries, India has remained one of the most significant destinations for international commerce. A range of unique factors has contributed to India’s growing relevance in international trade. Processes of economic liberalization and globalization have contributed to the steady growth experienced in the country. India’s economic growth was estimated at 7.5 % in the year 2000. Some of the areas that have experienced significant growth include the Informational Communication and Technology (ICT) sector and import-export trade. A break from socialist policies to a capitalist oriented economic structure has been cited as one of the contributing factors to the country’s economic growth. Western countries have increased their levels of interest in the country for purposes of economic partnership. India’s high population estimated at over a billion has attracted foreign investors who seek market for their products or cheap labor. However engaging with India demands a deeper connection with the culture, attitudes, and philosophies underlying their business practices.

The Problem

Multinationals and other global business entities that have attempted to establish their businesses in India have been faced with unique challenges that demanded the understanding of the corporate climate. The levels of success or failure in Indian business are directly related to the manner in which international players adjust to the unique character of Indian culture. Studies have established a strong connection between culture and business in the Indian context. Past and recent analyses on Indian negotiating style show that the styles adopted in Indian business environment are largely consistent with their cultural believes, social values, and attitudes towards life in general (Stephen, 2010).

Indians embrace family values and respect the aspect of honesty, respect, order, and hierarchy. Indian culture also features a strong element of interpersonal communications and relationships. The individual is never separate from the deal. They view the negotiation in human terms rather than strictly technical business processes. In essence, Indian negotiating styles combines the values of culture honesty and details in ways that focus largely on the results rather than the processes. It is therefore important for business theorists to establish ways of establishing ways through which the synergies of culture, attitudes, and values can be incorporated into business practice.

The Problem Background

In India business is considered as a culture and not simply a means towards profits. Success and failure are assessed in terms of the character and ability of agents rather than logical outcomes of strategies and processes (Martin, & Chaney, 2009). In the context of international business, the negotiation process in India is considered, in many circles, as a process of balance of power and an adjustment of equilibriums between the presumed cultural greatness of the west and Indian culture. Cultural balance and cultural universalism acquire more prominence to challenge the negative assumptions resident in theories of cultural relativism as understood in business context.

Indian negotiating styles significantly rely on the details (Zubko, & Sahay, 2010). Issues are broken down into their constituent parts and analyzed in accordance with the manner in which they relate to the bigger picture. In essence, the process entails the realization of a range of issues that connect with outcomes. Usually, the focus begins with the bigger picture before attention is given to the driving factors and the specifics of the deal. Clarity and order in the details of the deal becomes necessary for purposes of assessing the feasibility of the deal. Naturally, Indians prefer the guidance of clear data and mathematical procedure towards the attainment of a given goal. This trait is consistent with the cultural attachment to matters of mathematical and scientific importance. Studies have connected these traits to the flourishing IT and medicine culture in the country.

Family and business comprise the uniform continuum that forms part of the Indian culture (Desai, 2012). Appreciating the family connections behind India’s corporate world remains a key starting point of developing insights into the working of the system. Usually, knowledge on the role and place of family in the business environment is an important advantage in developing better negotiation strategies in the Indian business environment. Businesses are usually hereditary. Such knowledge should also be accompanied by the awareness of the kind of hierarchies that run through families and kinships (Gesteland, & Gesteland, 2010). The process of negotiation is usually considered in terms of the transaction of power and respect between the negotiating parties. Acknowledgement of status is considered of ultimate importance in the general process of negotiation. This particular attribute is consistent with the caste nature of Indian society, which requires an appreciation of classes, divisions, and hierarchies.

Language plays an important role in India’s communication style. Generally, Indian business negotiations are conducted in vocabularies of respect and honor (Zubko, & Sahay, 2010). Certain words and responses that are innocuous in the general western discourse are usually considered as offensive or rude within India’s cultural and business context. Denials, oppositions, and rejections have to be conducted in kind words that do not provide any hints of rudeness or lack of finesse in the communication process. However, emotional appeals and vigorous defense of facts is permissible as a way of building advantage on aspects of the deal. Such negotiations should, in most cases, be accompanied by workable details, examples, methods, and all relevant information that would provide both competitive advantage and influence in the part of the deal. Proof and details are necessary factors for furnishing optimism in the deals.

Feedback remains one of the key factors in effective business communication within the Indian context (Gesteland, & Gesteland, 2010). Generally, feedback implies a sense of respect and trust, which are the necessary characters of nurturing and sustaining long-term business relations within India’s corporate environment. Honesty, fidelity, and compromise are some of the factors that determine the level of success of negotiation in the Indian business environment. Presentation and character are some of the factors that guarantee success or failure in the Indian negotiating environment. Indians prefer and develop trust and respect in people who dress modestly and whose character displays a certain level of honor. Negotiation is considered as a process of socialization. Indian culture encourages socialization among equals. Therefore, it becomes important to adjust one’s demeanor and presentation in the course of negotiations.

Strategy and honor are key factors in the development of reliable business deals within the Indian cultural context (Zubko, & Sahay, 2010). Business deals should focus on the aspects of long-terms benefits and the spirit of compromise. The balance in the give and take nature in India’s negotiations must be retained in order to increase the chances for positive outcomes in the negotiations. Arrogance and selfishness display deficiency in morals and business acumen. The appreciation of the communal values and the cultural centrality in processes remains an important factor in successful negotiations. Indians are generally suspicious of foreigners. There is the cultural notion that foreigners are not to be trusted and that they only seek to take advantage of the local people. An appreciation of Indian culture and a display of the characters of hospitality and humility are some of the counter-measures that could help in developing trust for the purpose of successful negotiations.

 

 

 

Purpose of the Study

This research on the international business negotiations in India, aims at understanding the business negotiating style of India, including the variety of ways through which they negotiate, why this is important in India, and the different factors that shape or influence international business negotiations in India. The international business negotiations do not only involve communication in the economic context among countries. Cultures of the different participating countries play a big role in the international negotiation process (Ayoko, 2007). During the process of negotiation, the ideas and behaviours of the different parties are shaped by their own national cultures. In India, culture is the core and basis of business, thereby, playing the greatest role in their negotiations. The purpose of this study is therefore, to determine how different cultural components of the Indian culture influence their international business negotiations.

Among the important cultural components in India, which this research will discuss, is the cultural factor of Language. The researcher noted that this is an influential aspect of Indian culture in their international negotiation process, as this generally influences the communication process during the negotiations. Normally, different countries exhibit varying values, thinking patterns, and group consciousness (Mayrhofer, 2004). During negotiations, these differences always come up. Therefore, the study will address these important aspects with regard to India, and their negotiation styles. Among the values that the Indians uphold are feedback, which is based on mutual trust, honesty, and understanding, use of respectful and kind language in communication, and ensuring that there is clarity in communication. All these Indian values influence their international business negotiation styles, therefore, are of interest to this study.

This study mainly aims to establish why culture is a great player in the international business negotiations in India. Hollensen (2001) notes that, the cultures of the various parties in the negotiation process need to be understood, for a successful negotiation to be reached. This helps in gaining of balance between the cultures of the different parties in the negotiation, thus, this becomes a good strategy in negotiation processes among different countries. This study also has the purpose of determining how social organization in India influences their international business negotiation styles. This is with respect to the family unit, which plays a great role in the Indian business. Therefore, this study will seek to understand how the role of the family unit in Indian businesses is transferred to their international business negotiations, and how this role of the family unit will shape and influence the negotiation styles in India. Additionally, the researcher noted that Indians are known to be strategic people in their businesses, prioritizing the long-term business benefits. Therefore, this study will also determine how this aspect is applied to international business negotiations, and how it influences the Indian negotiation styles.

Having a clear understanding of the negotiation styles of a country helps successful business and social interactions. Therefore, this study is important, as it sheds light on the negotiation styles of India, and this will be beneficial to different countries interested in doing business with Indians. In addition, anyone involved in different levels of social interaction with Indians, or in any other activity that requires negotiation with Indians, will find this study useful too, as it gives details of the negotiation styles of India. This study focuses on the negotiation style of India in international business negotiations, with respect to their culture, which greatly shapes their negotiation styles.

Research Question

This study addresses the question: What are the elements that shape international business negotiating styles in India, how is the process conducted, and how can this process be made effective?

 

References

Desai, R. (2012). Indian Business Culture. London: Routledge.

Gesteland, R. R., & Gesteland, M. C. (2010). India: Cross-cultural business behavior: for business people, expatriates and scholars. Frederiksberg: Copenhagen Business School Press.

Martin, J. S., & Chaney, L. H. (2009). Passport to success: The essential guide to business culture and customs in America’s largest trading partners. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

Stephen, B. (2010). India. London, Great Britain: Kuperard.

Zubko, K. C., & Sahay, R. R. (2010). Inside the Indian business mind: A tactical guide for managers. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.

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My Passion for Engineering

            For anyone to be successful at what they are doing, they ought to love what they are doing. This love will act as a driving force toward achieving the goals that one has set. However, it is more fulfilling if one does what they like doing best. This way, passion will drive them to achieve more, and move to greater heights. Passion for anything does not come easy. This is why one person might be passionate about something that another person hates passionately. Passion in doing anything is therefore a privilege, and it is spectacular. I therefore, must admit how privileged I am to have passion for something. This is electrical engineering. I love everything about electrical engineering, and I believe that my future in electrical engineering is promising. I am driven by passion in my studies, and I believe my love for electrical engineering will continue to benefit me in many different ways, now and in future (Anderson 33).

I remember my childhood period when I grew up as a curious child, wanting to know everything I had no idea of. I would watch my father repair electronics, including light bulbs, and I would get interested in knowing why the appliances had stopped working, and how they were fixed. I am thankful that my father was patient with the stubborn me, and always took delight in offering me detailed explanations of how he had fixed the appliances. This was instrumental, as almost every day; I would learn a new thing. I grew up with this curiosity and inquisitiveness, and I am glad this helped me get a lot of information about new things and concepts.

When I was of considerable age, I learnt that my passion for electrical engineering was real. I remember telling my parents one evening that I would study electrical engineering when I grow up. My father did not object, he patted me on the back and affirmed that that was my thing. From that moment, I became focused on electrical engineering. When I joined the electrical engineering class, I knew I was in the right place. Getting good grades and passing examinations is not easy, but when you have passion for what you are learning, this becomes a little more easy and pleasurable. Knowing that I am studying a course that will help me know more about the world, and that each day I will be looking forward to learning something new, increases the urge in me to know more, to comprehend an extra concept, and excel in electrical engineering. Therefore, my hard work, dedication, and passion for this course will ultimately take the world and me to the engineering standards that we aspire in future.

All study courses are important in the world today. However, I believe that electrical engineering plays a special role and holds a special place in the global economy today. This is why I admire the prominent dedicated electrical engineers in this country. I have always stopped to think and imagine how the world would be, if electrical engineers never existed, or if they suddenly gave up their roles. Afterwards, I figure out that if all electrical engineers were to vanish from the world one day, many of the things people depend on would become non-existent or would suddenly stop working. This has always given me the pride to be an electrical engineer in the making. Thus, I am a motivated person, knowing that I am on the right track to my profession, and to a fulfilling future.

Electrical engineering is responsible for shaping talented individuals to become successful electrical engineers. The electrical engineers hold a special place in society today. For instance, these influence the work of mechanics and electricians, by ensuring everything, including things such as circuits, is in place, before the mechanics and electricians start working gadgets, vehicles, among other electrical appliances. In addition, many homes, offices, malls, hospitals, schools, among others need an electrical engineer to ensure that everything runs as intended. Electrical engineers generally provide important services in society, which ensure that all the people are safe, and are able to perform their jobs under safe conditions. Ever come to think about this, if electrical engineers did not perform their jobs well, then most of the electrical appliances people use in their homes, gadgets in homes, vehicles, and systems, among others, would be unsafe. Electrical systems are risky to the less knowledgeable; therefore, without the expertise of electrical engineers today, what would the world become? (Bernstein 28).

The high diversification of electrical engineering makes it fascinating. Different electrical engineers specialize in different fields. Electrical engineers are involved in the manufacture of lasers, hybrid cars, satellite TV, the internet, and cell phones. These technologies have made life better and have increased efficiency. Electrical engineering has contributed highly to the creation of the contemporary virtual world, where different people are able to connect in chat rooms through the internet.  Electrical engineering also features in the field of medicine. Electrical engineers here develop NMR machines, pacemakers for dysfunctional hearts, and ultrasonic diagnostic devices used to detect tumours. Electrical engineers also develop communication gadgets for astronauts in space, and other dangerous expeditions. These are also responsible for the production of a variety of personal and household items, ranging from electronic watches to iPods, among others. Nonetheless, the work of various electrical engineers contributes a lot to making life more comfortable today. They also increase the safety level in society, with regard to electrical systems. All these can be linked to the increased productivity in various spheres of the world today, and a higher standard of living observed among different people today (Bernstein 56).

There are many advantages of being an electrical engineer. Since this is a highly diversified discipline, one has the advantage of travelling the world. This is because of the vast opportunities for electrical engineers in different regions across the world. Therefore, my electrical engineering degree will grant me this opportunity for mobility and flexibility in my profession. Unlike other professions whose employment opportunities depend on the economic environment, electrical engineers are more likely to be hired even in times of economic breakdown. With electrical engineering, I will have the opportunity to work in a wide range of electrical engineering sub-fields (McDavid and Echaore-McDavid 96).

What may seem like a challenge in electrical engineering, I find it appealing to me. This is the fact that each day, one has to learn new concepts, learn new processes that are sometimes sophisticated, and learn to adapt to new technologies. Therefore, electrical engineering presents me with a new challenge each day, and this has worked for my good, as it increases my interest in more engineering knowledge, as this is the vital time I am investing in my future.

Apart from my passion for electrical engineering, my decision to pursue this course was also motivated by my desire to see more advancement in the world technology. Comparing the historical times with limited technology, with the level of technology today, I am always left to wonder what the world would look like, if more technological advances were adopted today. Being the creative person I am, I believe in my engineering capabilities, and that I can be part of the engineering team that will improve the electrical engineering processes of the world in the near future. Therefore, today I take my studies seriously, so that I can use my knowledge in engineering to influence the world.

 

Works Cited

Anderson, Nancy. “Work With Passion: How to Do What You Love for a Living.” London: New

World Library, 2004.

Bernstein, Alan. “Guide to Your Career.” New Jersey: The Princeton Review, 2004.

McDavid, Richard and Echaore-McDavid, Susan. “Career Opportunities in Engineering.” New

York: Infobase Publishing, 2009.

 

 

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JEWELRY AS AN EMOTIONAL ITEM (AN ABSTRACT)

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30^th, January, 2013

 

The motivation behind this study topic is my love for art and design. The focus is on the traditional Thai shapes, lines, and curves in Buddhist architecture, art, and jewellery. It is a belief that these bear an emotional response of calmness and relaxation in their wearers. This study is therefore, in the context of the connection between Thai jewellery and their wearers minds. This helps bring out the fact that jewellery in Thai is not only used for aesthetic purposes. Jewellery has a meaningful use to both the body and the mind. For the body, it enhances beauty, but for the mind, it relaxes and makes one experience calmness and tranquillity.

This study aimed at determining the facts behind the emotional effect of Thai jewellery on their wearers. The main question was to find out ways in which Thai techniques, designs, and material used jewellery enhance the emotional effect. Secondly, the study sought to establish how the Thai jewellery influences the emotions of its wearer in a positive way. Finally, the study was also concerned with establishing any linkages or relationships between the traditional Thai artistic forms and the contemporary artistic experiences. As a contemporary creative artist and designer of jewellery, I aimed at establishing different possible ways through which I could integrate certain Sukhothai shapes and artistic elements, into my art works. These shapes are known to simulate emotion in its wearers; therefore, I wanted this emotional effect to be felt in my jewellery too.

To gather sufficient information about Thailand, Buddhism, and their jewellery, literature review and readings from different relevant sources were crucial. This laid a foundation for the study, and provided useful knowledge about history of Sukhothai, Buddhism, and the role of Buddhist forms and designs in Thai jewellery and architecture. The emotional effect of Thai jewellery was therefore, studied and understood. The next approach was to engage in the experimental process of making jewellery. To achieve the emotional effect in my experimental work, I applied lines and shapes from Sukhothai arts in my designs, since these are responsible for the emotional response. Lines of lotus flowers, which are popular in Sukhothai region and in Buddhism, were as well used. Combining own lines and those from Sukhothai, pattern design sketching, and the combination of release shapes, helped make jewellery that would help determine relationship between Thai artistic forms and the human mind. The main material used in this experimental work was porcelain and precious metal, due to the artist’s interest and experience.

The experimental work proved the relationship between the mind and the artistic forms in Thai jewellery. Application of Sukhothai art designs into my designs yielded the anticipated emotional feeling. As the wearer of my finished jewellery, I experienced a kind of peace and calmness just as it was expected. This therefore, proved the interaction between Sukhothai jewellery, Buddhism, and the mind.

This study achieved its objective of establishing the interaction between Sukhothai jewellery and the mind, and the stipulated outcomes are expected. This will be useful to all the lovers of jewellery. It may as well draw more people into wearing jewellery, because of their proved positive effects on the mind, apart from the aesthetic purposes. This study will also be of use to the Thailand jewellery practitioners. It will encourage them to produce more jewellery with enhanced designs and forms to even serve better their mind benefits. This is a cultural aspect of the Thai, which will therefore, be made popular by this study, hence, the traditional Thai designs will evoke great interest. The people in Thai will also keep in touch and embrace their designs even more. This study will also bring a new insight into world marketing. If people have a clear understanding of the emotional benefits of jewellery forms and designs, more people will be interested, and this might change marketing processes.

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Ice Fili

1. How structurally attractive is the Russian ice cream market?  Why?

            The Russian ice cream market is faced with various challenges, which makes it less attractive. The consumption rate of ice cream in Russia is high, but lower than that of the United States. This therefore, is the reason behind the increased local demand of ice cream in Russia. High local demand has in turn resulted in the presence of many local ice cream producers in the market, a situation that has increased competition on the market. Growth of these companies is thus, limited due to the high competition. In addition, the new foreign entrants in this market are powerful, and have the capability of outdoing the local companies. Although the local companies register commendable profits, they lack the capacity to grow (Xin 4).

2. How is the Russian ice cream market likely to evolve? Why?

            The ice cream market in Russia is set to experience more competition in future. The main reason for this stems from the fact that competition among local producers has been high over the years. In addition to the local producers, foreign companies have infiltrated the Russian ice cream market, increasing the level of competition. Although the Russian ice cream producers remain dominant in the market, it is expected that if they do not change their marketing strategies, the foreign companies will dominate the market. Today, foreign companies have influenced a number of local consumers, through advertisements. Investing in intensive advertising is affordable to most foreign companies such as Nestle, while the local Russian ice cream producers claim to lack advertising funds. Although these remain popular today, in future, the Russian ice cream market might be taken over by foreign companies (Xin 3).

3. What course of action would you recommend to Anatoliy Shamonov? Why?

            Since competition is high in the Russian ice cream market, Ice Fili should develop an effective differentiation strategy. Ice Fili competes with Nestle in the production of high quality ice cream. Therefore, this company should build differentiation in order to compete favourably. First, Ice Fili should increase its brand recognition through more promotions and advertisements. Currently, the company has limited brand recognition. Secondly, the company should invest only in its strong brands. Today, Ice Fili has a wide range of products it produces, and it has failed to cater for the cost of advertising and promoting all the products. Therefore, by choosing to invest in the strongest brands, the company will have easy time managing them. Finally, the company should widen its distribution networks locally and globally. This will help the company build their brand and brand loyalty.

 

Works Cited

Xin, Lili. “Strategy Analysis on Ice-Fili.” 2003. Web.

 

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Lessons from My Extraordinary Birthday

            In all my life, I have faced different situations, both good and bad. The good experiences make me happy, while the bad experiences make me sad. However, all these experiences, I count them important. They have shaped me into the person I am today. From them, I have learnt important life lessons. The bad experiences have made me stronger they have proved to me that I am a strong person, as they did not break me. The good experiences are my happy moments, the ones that bring me a smile and remind me that there is still beauty in life, no matter the bad things that happen. These make me overlook the negative side of life, with all the bad experiences it presents. They always remind me that the bad experiences never last, and it is always a matter of time before I smile again. Among all the good experiences I have had, there is only one, which will remain embedded in my mind forever. This is one bittersweet, but memorable experience that has in many ways, influenced my life, especially the way I perceive the world today and the things therein.

It all started as a joke, and little did I know that this could culminate into a life-changing experience. On this warm summer afternoon, I asked my friends for their opinions about what we would do for my birthday, as the normal house parties had become monotonous, and I wanted a different experience. “How about this time round you be the one giving out gifts? Give gifts to people on your birthday!” one of my friends suggested. “That sounds great . . . but how?” I wondered. “The homeless!” another friend quickly suggested. The six of us agreed to make it our project, and we started counting down days. Each person would start keeping stuff, which we would take as our gifts. Each one of us would also save little money to buy food and other stuff. With only one and a half months remaining to my birthday, everyone was committed to playing their role. When it was only two weeks remaining, we identified the homeless people we would visit and set everything in order.

Finally, it was the eve of my birthday. I invited my friends to our house so we could set all the stuff in order in preparation for the next day. Both my friends’ parents and my parents were happy with our plan and offered us a little more money and stuff to add up. When morning came, we all were happy and anticipated for the unfolding of events in that day. My mum offered to drive us to the designated place. In an hour’s time, we arrived at our destination. We unpacked our luggage and went ahead to where the two homeless families were situated. On seeing us, the little children of the families ran toward us, knowing we were there for them. We offered them drinks and snacks, and chatted our way into the afternoon. They shared with us how they survived each day, and what it means to be homeless. These stories were heart breaking, and I had to restrain a sob most of the time as they narrated. After an emotional chat, we cut my birthday cake and shared with them. We then took out the stuff we had and handed them. These were mainly clothes, shoes, and food, among other many things we had bought them. We also gave them some dollars, which would cover some of their days’ expenses. The two mothers were overjoyed, and they shed tears of happiness, while hugging each one of us. Their little daughters too were excited and I could read the joy in their eyes. They told us that in a long time, they have experienced again, how it feels to be loved and cared for.

As we bade them goodbye, I could not stop imagining how it felt to be a mother with children, then homeless. We all drove in silence, reflecting on the experience we had just had. We reached our house and all I could do was to thank my friends for the brilliant idea for my birthday, as I thought it was different and more fulfilling than the normal birthday parties were. As my friends left, I went to my room, sat there alone, cried, and regretted all the times I had hated my life. I hated all the times I did not feel like going to school, all the times I complained to my mum about bad-tasting food, and all the times I would make up excuses not to go out with my family. This experience taught me to appreciate my life, my family, my education, and be thankful for the small privileges in life, as not all people have the chance to enjoy this. On this day, I lay down in bed, happy that I had brightened a person’s life. It was comforting to know that a homeless family would have food to eat for the next few days, and I smiled. Every time I have a feeling of negativity toward life, I open my album, glance at the photos we took on that day, and the negativity vanishes. It was two years ago, but today this experience is still fresh in my mind for how it has taught me to appreciate my life.

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Ethics of Care and Education

            Ethics of care is considered a feminine ethic, drawing its roots from relatedness, responsivity, and receptivity. The introduction of care ethics ended the other prevalent masculine ethics. Nel Nodding however, went a step ahead to apply care ethics to education. Caring and relationship in schools improve teaching and learning, and is a crucial factor in education.

In schools, application of the caring ethics is mainly by teachers to students. When teachers show that they care for their students, students will feel loved. If students feel this way, they will show a positive attitude toward the carer, who is the teacher, therefore, drawing more of their attention to what this teaches. On the other hand, care leads to the development of pleasant relationship between the carer and the recipient of care. Students who are more cared for will be more open with their teachers, and will be free to share their academic concerns with teachers, making the learning and teaching process easier (Smith WEB).

This theory of care ethics, if appropriately applied in learning institutions, is capable of developing a school culture and climate that is based on mutual understanding and care. This in turn boosts the learning and teaching processes in the school. When there is understanding and care between the students and teachers, they will all work at ensuring that the needs of the other are fulfilled. For instance, teachers will ensure that they teach and deliver well, helping each student understand all the concepts taught. This is appropriate especially for the low-performers, who are sometimes neglected. A teacher that employs the care ethics will pay attention even to the low-performers, and out of care, will guide them slowly through the learning process. This theory points out the importance of using an alternative to rules in schools, since rules and punishment have not achieved their goals in schools. Therefore, adopting a new approach of ethic care is imperative in strengthening the bond between teachers and students, therefore making the learning and teaching processes to be more interactive and based on care (Smith WEB).

 

References

Smith, M. K. (2004). Nel Noddings, the ethics of care and education’, the Encyclopedia of

informal education. Retrieved on January 25, 2013

from www.infed.org/thinkers/noddings.htm.

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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: KMART

By Name

Business 499

Professor Jeanine Bennett,

30^th, January 2013

Kmart became a pioneer in discount retail merchandising, when it opened its doors to Americans in 1962, in Detroit. The low and middle-income American consumers loved to shop at Kmart because it offered a wide range of products at reasonable prices. In the 1970s, Kmart expanded and opened more stores in America, becoming the second largest retailer in the United States, after Sears. Further diversification included buying of other companies. In 2002, it came as a shock when Kmart filed for bankruptcy. However, the company dealt with this, and today, Kmart is the third largest retailers in the United States, after Wal-Mart and Target (O’Rourke, 2007).

In the last few decades, globalization has become a crucial factor in business, as it affects business in different ways. In the case of Kmart, globalization has led to increased competition in the market. For instance, Target and Wal-Mart are new entrants in the market, having come after Kmart. These later replaced Kmart as the leading retailer. In addition, consumers today have a wide range of options to choose from. With increased technology that comes with globalization, consumers in America can now shop from other international companies, out of America. Being operational only in Guam, the United States, and Puerto Rica, Kmart has not stabilized and diversified enough to adapt to the competition that is globalization presents. In addition, the company has not adopted technology to the required global standards, therefore, cannot fully exploit new business opportunities globally (Turner, 2003).

Technology is an important factor in companies today, considering the benefits it presents. In Kmart, the factor of technology made it lag behind and lose it to Wal-Mart. This is because Kmart took a long period to adopt technology to the standards of its competitors. Wal-Mart, which is Kmart’s main competitor, used technology since the early 1970,s as the key to its success. During these years, the company used computers in its stores, electronic cash registers, and used scanners to read UPC bar codes. Later, Wal-Mart started using virtual documents in placing orders and receiving shipping notices. Since Kmart did not take the initiative of integrating technology in its business, this made Wal-Mart have all the competitive advantage, as advanced technology brought effectiveness in the business. However, during the end of 1980s Kmart started to adopt advanced technology in its business process gradually. Nonetheless, the sluggish adoption of technology due to lack of finances was one of the reasons behind the bankruptcy of Kmart in 2002 (O’Rourke, 2007).

Kmart has been unable to earn above average returns as compared to their competitor Wal-Mart. This is because, of different problems in the company’s structure, the nature of markets, and its competitors. Therefore, based on these factors, the industrial organization model can be used to determine how Kmart can resolve these to start earning decently. In addition, the resource-based model can be used to determine how Kmart can have a competitive advantage in the market using its valuable tangible and intangible resources (O’Rourke, 2007).

In one survey in the United States, 52 per cent of the respondents preferred to shop at Wal-Mart, 29 per cent preferred Target, while only 13 per cent picked Kmart. Analysts believe that the problems at Kmart are complex, and need to be solved for better returns, as of the three competitors, Kmart is the least preferred. The first remedy is for Kmart to differentiate itself from its competitors, instead of competing with them. In doing this, the company will achieve a competitive advantage or a distinct capability. Secondly, Kmart should consider closing down some of its outlets that are unprofitable. By choosing the locations they will continue operating, Kmart will have set itself from its competition. This will help the company differentiate itself from its competitors by establishing a reliable position in the market. Additionally, this will help them target the niche markets that its competitors have forgotten about. Apart from this benefit, the company will save the money used on operating the unprofitable stores, and invest in the more promising stores (O’Rourke, 2007).

Kmart should stop its frequent restructuring of the top management employees. This lack of continuity in management has contributed to the low returns at Kmart. The different management develop different strategies and priorities, leading to lack of consistence and focus in the company objectives. Today, Kmart lacks a market image, as it lies between Wal-Mart’s reputation for quality and the hip fashion image of Target. Once Kmart adopts a consistent management, they will be able to focus, work on company short and long-term objectives, and make attractive returns (Turner, 2003).

Kmart should also use its resources to ensure a competitive advantage in the market. Since the company is known for its poor customer service, it should consider investing in employee training so that they attain the needed customer service skills. Employees are an important resource, which a company should invest in and capitalize on for better returns. Employees carry the image of the company, and influence relationships between a company and its customers. Kmart should also use its financial resources to invest in more technology, which will boost effectiveness in the company, boost sales, and bring in more profits (Turner, 2003).

            A mission statement of a company serves to reflect its culture, customer experience, and brand. The mission statement of Kmart reads: Kmart will become the discount store of choice for middle-income families with children by satisfying their routine and seasonal shopping needs as well as or better than the competition. This means that the company aims at achieving consumer loyalty through its provision of quality products at fair prices, while maintaining good customer service. This mission statement has immensely contributed to the success of Kmart in different ways, both negative and positive. Kmart ensures to adhere to what is provided in this mission statement, with the main aim of achieving customer satisfaction, by providing them with their shopping needs (O’Rourke, 2007).

First, Kmart exhibits a great deal of diversification in its products. It has no limits to the type of products it makes available to its customers. These products include electronics, beauty products, baby products, kitchen equipment, entertainment, apparel, among many other home products. Therefore, this helps shoppers find all they need under one roof, enhancing convenience. The wide range of products, coupled with the low prices offered by Kmart has seen the company win over many low and middle-income customers. Therefore, this one aspect has helped Kmart win itself many customers. However, throughout Kmart’s history, it has been unable to offer the kind of customer service it aims to achieve. Different consumer reports and industry analyst reports have pointed out the apathy of the sales staff in Kmart stores. In addition, the Kmart stores were in the past considered as not meeting the basic hygiene standards. Kmart had to work on this to ensure high hygiene standards in its stores. This factor has influenced Kmart in a negative way over the years, as customers pull away from poor services (Turner, 2003).

Kmart’s stakeholders include its employees, government, customers, suppliers, investors, among others. All these influence Kmart’s strategy, collaboration, and policies. Both the internal and external stakeholders, as well as the connected stakeholders affect the success of the company. The employees at Kmart have been instrumental in ensuring that business is in process at the company. However, these have somehow negatively contributed to the success of Kmart. Most of them lack good customer service skills, and this has driven away a considerable number of customers. Kmart’s suppliers have collaborated with the company to offer a continued supply of products, which are designed to fulfil customer needs. By supplying a variety of goods, the company attracts a good number of customers due to its increased efficiency. In the recent past, Kmart’s stakeholders influenced the company’s decision to buy Sears. This was a decision that Kmart only could not make, as it would influence all the stakeholders. This was a wise decision that has contributed to the success of Kmart today. In addition, Kmart’s customers, who have been loyal to this company, have ensured consistent sales and returns for the company, hence, boosting its profits and success in the market (Turner, 2003).

In conclusion, it is evident that Kmart is not one successful company as it used to be during its initial years. This is because of the different structural and operational problems it has experienced, in addition to a variety of negative forces in the market. However, this is not the end for Kmart, as it still has many opportunities to get back on track. One main factor that will be instrumental in reviving this company is the development of a sound management system. This will be responsible for bringing focus in the company, as well as developing fixed goals for the company to achieve. The company today is still under the influence of its bankruptcy situation. However, with the appropriate management strategies, the company will come out of this with an increased market share.

References

 O’Rourke, J. (2007). The Business Communication Casebook: A Notre Dame Collection. New

York: Cengage Learning.

Turner, M. (2003). Kmart’s Ten Deadly Sins: How Incompetence Tainted an American Icon.

New York: John Wiley & Sons.

 

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Limits to the Pope’s Power According to Luther’s Theses 5-8 and 13

5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties other than those which he has imposed either by his own authority or by that of the Canons.

This means the Pope’s power does not include the power to remit sins, as this is the responsibility of God, who possesses such power. However, the pope or his representatives, has the power to remit only penalties attaching to sin. However, these can only remit penalties, which have been prescribed by the canon law, or those penalties the pope has the authority to impose, and has imposed them. Therefore, the pope cannot remit the guilt attaching to sin itself.
6. The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring that it has been remitted by God and by assenting to God’s remission; though, to be sure, he may grant remission in cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant remission in such cases were despised, the guilt would remain entirely unforgiven. 

This means the Pope has no power to remit sins. Only God can remit sins. What the Pope can do here is only to declare to a person that God has remitted their sins. Therefore, when the pope offers the sacrament of penance, he does not effect the penance himself, but lets the penitent know that God has remitted their guilt.
7. God remits guilt to no one unless at the same time he humbles him in all things and makes him submissive to the vicar, the priest. 

            This shows it is only God, who has the power to remove a person’s sins. The Pope has no power to remove sin. What the Pope can do in this case, is only offer the sacrament of penance, after a person humbles and accepts their sins before the pope. However, the real penance comes from God.
8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according to them, nothing should be imposed on the dying. 

Canon law, including the penitential laws only applies to the living and not the dead. Therefore, the dead souls in the purgatory are not under the judgement of penitential canons. This means the Pope has no power to remit the penalties owed by the souls in the purgatory, since the penitential laws do not apply to them. Either way, in case the souls in the purgatory have any remorse, this is outside the power of the pope, and there is nothing he can do.
13. The dying are freed by death from all penalties; they are already dead to canonical rules, and have a right to be released from them.

This means when a person dies, they are released from penalties. The canon law then no longer holds them. The dead, by virtue of being dead are entitled to freedom from all penalties, and this release from penalties is owed to God, and not to the Pope. Therefore, the Pope has no power to free the dead from their penalties, as God is responsible for this.

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Effects of Music on Media Production

            Today, one realizes that when they are watching a movie, listening to a commercial on radio or television, or viewing and listening to other digital and audio media production, there is always music involved. Since this trend of featuring music in media productions continues to grow, there has been a concern whether the use of musical accompaniment in media production is beneficial or not. For instance, in an instructional slide show, will music boost the audience’s concentration, or will it cause destruction? Some studies have shown that musical elements such as the tempo, rhythm, harmony, modality, among others, are crucial as they participate in the process of disseminating message in the media production to its intended audience. This essay discusses how music influences media production in both the positive and negative ways, if there is any.

When music is used as an accompaniment in high-definition slide sets, television, motion pictures, and films productions, both the media producers and commercial producers accept and recommend this. In this case, music will be in the form of background, or mood music. However, there has been a debate whether this kind of music in media production results in increased motivation, enjoyment, and more learning for the people receiving the message in the media production (Seidman WEB).

Some people believe that if the media production is meant exclusively for learning or education purposes, then the inclusion of background or mood music is unnecessary. This is because it lowers the concentration of the audience, and instead of paying attention to the educative material in the media, most will concentrate on the music alone. Various experimental evidence also point to this fact. Other scholars have argued against use of music in educational media because music produces different moods on the people, therefore, their mood of learning might be messed up, such that they will not benefit from what was meant to be an educative media session. This includes both instructional films and educational television programs. However, in media productions with other goals apart from educational goals, it is right to use the music. These include entertainment media productions, where people have entertainment as their sole purpose. Whether they concentrate or not, it will not cost them much, as music is also meant for entertainment (Seidman WEB).

There are different roles music plays in media productions. For instance, in movies, background music gives the audience some relaxation and sets the mood for the movie. If it is a sad movie, the sad background music will set in a sad mood for the audience to relate with the movie. During a commercial, music will make the audience to pay more attention to the commercial. Although a majority of people argue against music in educational media, Kuehn argues that instrumental music helps in the studying process, as it helps clear out disruptions (WEB).

Conclusively, music in media productions plays different roles. However, there are more positive roles than there are negative roles. Most scholars have argued against music in educational media productions such as educational television programs, as the music will be a distraction to the message recipients. However, music is accepted and encouraged in other media productions that are meant for pure entertainment. Nonetheless, music mainly sets the mood for its audience, which is a vital factor in determining the outcome of any activity.

 

Works Cited

Kuehn, Krystal. “How Instrumental Music Enhances Media Projects.” n.d. Web. Retrieved

<http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/how-instrumental-music-enhances-media-projects-

0>

Seidman, Steven. “On the Contributions of Music to Media Production.” Abstract. Educational

Communication and Technology. 29.1 (1981), pp. 49-61. Web.

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