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Product Assignment

Product classification

Dove milk chocolate can be classified as a convenience good, which customers never plan to buy in advance. They only buy them when the need comes or when they visit a place where they are sold. With convenience products, consumers are not willing to spend much time window-shopping for them to compare prices, since they know the brands they want. More so, they are not expensive, and consumers only pick them at their nearest shops since they are available in most retail centers, including large supermarkets such as Wal-Mart. In addition, dove milk candy is a product that consumers buy regularly, and they know specifically where to get them according to their tastes and preferences. Moreover, they are bought in little quantities and do not require much effort in buying. Many customers only buy them when it is necessary, to give to friends or eat when they feel the urge to, qualifying dove milk chocolate as a convenience product (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011).

Branding

a) Dove milk product uses a family branding strategy, where all its products are marketed through the word Dove, and all have the same brand name. The products are closely related, differing in terms of flavor and little content but all have the same utility. The products range from dark chocolate, miniature, among others with different flavors. All of them carry the same name on their products. The name is written on a plain clearer part of the package for all of them.

b). The brand name of the product is Dove, which is written clearly in bolder letters, on a reflective paper of the packaging to make the name more visible. Each color of the dove milk chocolate depends on the flavors. For darker chocolate, the color is darker, but the same in terms of the design of the paint. In all of the chocolate brands, there is a curved line across the package in a different color, mostly defining milk content. However, there is a dark chocolate color defining all of them. In addition, the flavor of the chocolate inside such as silky smooth milk chocolate is inscribed at the right hand bottom corner.

c). The level of brand loyalty is high for this product, and its users are used to buying from the same brand. Considering this is a convenience good, consumers prefer buying from one producer, whom they trust, or depending on their preference (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011). This builds up good customer loyalty since many will only prefer the Dove chocolate to other brands.

Packaging

a) Packaging has been used in several ways for Dove milk chocolate considering it is a consumable food product, needing protection to remain safe for human consumption, as well as convenience. Some people may not have money to buy in large quantities, and prefer smaller quantities (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011).

1). The product is meant for human consumption, and requires protection from harmful substances that might contaminate it. Therefore, the packaging provides for this by using a plastic paper package for smaller quantities, while bigger quantities that might not be consumed at once are packaged in cartons and smaller foil or plastic paper packages for protection. The packages are well designed to let no substance inside, and can be easily opened and closable except for smaller packages that are consumed once.

2) The packaging has been well designed to promote the product. The product lists the ingredients used, flavors and uses positional words such as miniature, silk, and smooth to attract customers. More so, its color is differentiated from other competitors.

3) The packaging has also been designed to enhance storage since most of them are in rectangular shapes that are easily packed into bulk containers for shipment and wholesale. In addition, the package comes in different sizes, with different prices to serve convenience especially when one does not require purchasing larger amounts. They are also packaged in ounces for convenience. The packages are easily opened for customer’s convenience.

4) In terms of facilitating recycling and reducing environmental damage, some of the packages are made up of biodegradable material, while some, especially the smaller packages, are in plastic papers. However, packaging the bigger products degradable material reduces the amount of non-biodegradable material they release into the environment.

b) The product uses both types of labeling, persuasive and informational. On the packages, the labeling is quite persuasive with positional statements that are also informative of what the product contains, in terms of nutritional content. The product uses words such as smooth and silk to explain the taste of the product for persuasion.

Product Life Cycle

All products go through a life cycle since the time they are introduced into the market, to growth, maturity, and finally decline. However, this is dependent on the product category. For our product category, which is convenience, their maturity stage seem to last for long considering people will continue to buy them when they need them. In this case, our product is in the maturity stage, where sales are increasing slowly. At this stage, the company can use the strategy of differentiating its products, which it has done. Currently, dove milk chocolates comes in different flavors, with more and more differentiation taking place to fight off competition, which is high at this stage. However, declining for this category of product is hard since it is a good that people buy regularly for human consumption, and they will still need it another day when the urge comes back. Due to this differentiation of the product, and considering how long it has been in existence, the product is sold internationally, but mostly in America, where it has reached maturity.

 

References

Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F. & McDaniel, C. (2011). MKTG 5.New YorkNY: Cengage Learning.

 

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Jane Eyre

The story about Jane Eyre is about her life when she was a young girl until when she got her own family. Her life is full of predicaments until she finally lives happily with her family. She lost her parents at a tender age and had to live with an abusive aunt and her cousin was a bully. She is even imprisoned in her own home because of petty issues. She said when she was locked there she saw her uncle’s ghost because he also died in the same room. It could be her uncle ghost had come to comfort her (Hoeveler, Diane & Beth, 22). To her it was a family because they treated her like an outcast. Therefore, whether she lived in a wealthy family or not, she did not recognize it. Living among wealthy people is not good enough for one to consider herself high social class. It is experiencing and enjoying the wealth as well as good treatment and respect. This was not Jane’s case because she led a miserable childhood. There are situations in Jane’s story that show social class status during the Victorian regime (Gerver & Charlotte, 14).

Jane was considered to be in a lower social status because she was an orphan. Although she lived with her wealthy aunt, she was maltreated and never considered herself wealthy. “I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live.” (Michie, 11) These words were from Jane to her aunt before leaving for school. They show how she loathed her for mistreating her. When her uncle died, she left her a fortune but she was not aware. Due to her lack of knowledge, she remained poor. Her aunt sent her to a bad school, which was headed by an unreasonable principal. He made the children suffer to the extent of dying. Jane taught for two years after she completed her school. At this time, she would still be considered as a low class person because she did not earn much. This is the reason she prefers to seek new experiences and she becomes a governess. “Feeling… clamored wildly. Oh, comply, it said…. Soothe him, save him; tell him you love him….” (Gerver & Charlotte, 35). Jane thought about this when she was contemplating to run away from Rochester. She went away and suffered in the streets. She had to beg for survival. All these are indications that she has lived a low class life until her mid life.

After Jane was through with her education, she became a teacher in Lowood for two years. She then considered that she could improve her status by having other experiences. She became a governess in a manor called Thornfield. She teaches a girl who was lively called Adele. Her employer is a man called Mr. Rochester who they later fall in love. It is obvious that this promotion made Jane to move from a low class to a higher class. She lived in a better neighborhood and interacted with people of class (Hoeveler, Diane & Beth, 37). The French girl she teaches seems to be from a wealthy family because she lively and her parents pay quality education for her. “I could not help it; the restlessness was in my nature; it agitated me to pain sometimes.” “Then my sole relief was to walk along the corridor of the third story, backwards and forwards, safe in the silence and solitude of the spot, and allow my mind’s eye to dwell on whatever bright visions rose before it” (Michie, 43). These two quotations express her first time at Thornfield where she was employed to be a governess. She was glad to be liberated after a long time of suffering.

It is evident that during these years, low class people never interacted with high-class people. This is why Mr. Rochester fell in love with Jane because she considered her a woman of his class. On the other hand, Jane considered that she had upgraded her social status and she could comfortably interact with people of the same class. This was unlike how her wealthy aunt maltreated her. She did not identify with her because Jane felt she was not part of that family. In this case, she is very comfortable because she is receiving kind treatment from her employer. The relationship between Jane and Rochester end up in marriage. Before they got married they was so much trouble they experienced but eventually they got married and they now have children. “I have now been married ten years. I know what it is to live entirely for and with what I love best on earth. I hold myself supremely blest—blest beyond what language can express; because I am my husband’s life as fully as he is mine” (Michie, 115). Jane makes this statement at the concluding pages of the book. She is happy that after all she went through she has finally ended with a lovely family. “No woman was ever nearer to her mate than I am: ever more absolutely bone of his bone, and flesh of his flesh. I know no weariness of my Edward’s society: he knows none of mine, any more than we each do of the pulsation of the heart that beats in our separate bosoms; consequently, we are ever together” (Gerver & Charlotte, 77).

Jane’s story has many themes and one of the main ones is social status and class. Karl Max theory of social class was against having capitalism. He preached socialism and eventually people should eliminate social classes in the society. It is evident that during the Victorian era, there was a lot of discrimination concerning social class issues (Gerver & Charlotte, 35). People of high class could not mingle with those of lower classes. This is why Jane’s aunt mistreats her because she considers her a lower class person. She is an orphan and does not have wealth of her own. This attitude is also seen when Jane starts a new life in Thornfield. His employer expresses interest in him because she is equally of the same class as his. Jane happens to be a victim of discrimination towards the low social class people as it is according to her story (Michie, 80). Her life only changed to a happy one after she upgraded her status and she got married to a wealthy man. It is sad to realize that during this era, life was only a happy one to those who were wealthy.

  

Works Cited

Gerver, Jane E, and Charlotte Brontë. Jane Eyre. New York: Random House, 1997. Print.

Hoeveler, Diane L, and Beth Lau. Approaches to Teaching Brontë’s Jane Eyre. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1993. Print.

Michie, Elsie B. Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre: A Casebook. Oxford, England: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006. Print.

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Memo to employees

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 A memo to employees

Introduction

            The invention of internet as a mode of communication has increased at drastic rate. Earlier, internet was used as a communication tool among friends on social issues. However, this technology through use of emails has gained popularity among various organizations; and now is used as mode of communication with important stakeholders. Some organization has gone to an extending of using email communication to notify its employees of their layoff. This has raised many questions if this kind of communication is right and appropriate in notifying employees of such vital information that may have negative impact on their rest of lives.

Radioshack is one of the corporations that used email communications to notify its workers on termination of their employment contracts in its corporate downsizing initiative they undertook in 2006.  This method of communication its not suitable as it is dehumanization and has a potential of causing devastating effects on the affected employees. In this line, this memo endeavors to provide a more acceptable plan which the CEO of Radio Shack can use in notifying employees on their layoffs.

The CEO should use written and fully signed letters in informing its employees on their layoff. This is the most formal form of communication which demonstrates a sense of care and, professionalism.  When being recruited in the organization, all employees were given letters of appointment and they signed contracts that need to be respected.  Even though, communicating through email will avail information to them, they should also be respected and given a letter outlining the reasons for their layoff.

Letters are appropriate tools of communicating their layoffs as they demonstrate that the employee’s service was appreciated and even though the company no longer needs their contributions, they have assisted the company achieve some of its objectives at the time they have offered their services.

Using letters in communicating termination of employees in a way assists in portraying of company’s good image among the stakeholders and the employees. When the company reputation of sending away its employees is known to the public as ruthless, public tend to loss interest and it becomes difficult for the company to recruit more qualified staffs for the fear of being treated ruthlessly. Furthermore, the company tends to cut off its relationships with such employees who might be of important in the future operations of the company.

Letters are good form of communicating such information since they demonstrate that the company is engaging in such activities for their survival and not as a way of reaping super profits. Therefore, those employees that are laid off will be satisfied even though they are going to be retrenched. This therefore, helps in reducing the level of stress and the feeling of valueless. Most employees view communication through internet as informal and casual form of communication. Therefore, communicating to laid-off employees through email is a way of underrating them and viewing them as not valuable assets of the company.

Letters are good method of communicating with employees of their lay-offs as they help the employees to be psychologically prepared for the life ahead of them. It is a way of communication that helps them to accept the reality of the situation and recover from the shock quickly. Therefore, most of them will be able to vent quickly and get back to their usual lives when they are served with the letters as apposed to emails as they will continue pondering why the company used such form of communication.

Letters are formal and legal form of communication. Therefore, by the CEO of Radio Shack using them, he will be abiding by the legal requirements as most email communication are not seen to be legal. Employees may sue the company and, the company may incur huge costs while handling the case.

In conclusion, the CEO of Radio Shack should use letters as his form of communicating layoffs of its workers as it is the most formal way of communicating such information. Letters are concise and capture all the terms or issues leading to the termination, letters are recognized by law and provide full and clear information. By adapting to Letters, employees being retrenched will feel appreciated and will serve as a motivation to other employees remaining in the organization.

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Literary Versus Non-Literary Texts

Introduction

Literature is defined as the art of written works. It is not bound to the sources, which are published. However, there are circumstances that render unpublished sources exempt. Literature is categorized as either prose or poetry (Patterson & Andrew 5). In most cases, the art literature is identified as the literary merit or the literary fiction. The use of metaphors, symbolic language, metaphors, irony amongst other literary styles is evident in literature. These styles make these works differ from the medical journal of the course text books used in class. The fiction novel by Matheson entitled I am Legend is usually depicted to be a non-literary work. On the other hand, the novel by Heinlein entitled Stranger in a Strange Land is acceptable as a literary work. The main question here is how one differentiates the two. In other words, why is one classified as a literary work while the other classified as non-literary. I am Legend qualifies to be a literary text in the same way as Stranger in a StrangeLand is.

Discussion

If one were taking a course where he/she was required to read a journal and then read a poem, then they would easily identify which of the two was a literary work. However, if the same person/student were to be given two short stories or novels and asked to identify which of the two was a literary work, then the activity would be a challenge. This is because their differences may not be as different as they are mostly perceived.

One identified difference between the literary and the non-literary texts is that the literary works are meant for higher learning, which may include high school and university level learning (Patterson & Andrew 25). On the other hand, non-literary works are just written for entertainment purposes. As clear as this difference is, it is also disputable. In this case, I am Legend can serve as a novel to be read for entertainment and a novel to be analyzed in a university class. Both books are fictional thus creating room for imagination. Matheson talks about a man who is immune to a strange disease, which has turned humanity into vampires. The story in the novel was developed as a movie severally. This was for entertainment purposes. Heinlein’s book is about human’s expedition to Mars. These stories can be read by anybody as a source of entertainment.

A literary work’s objective is to educate the audience/reader a life lesson through the growth and development of the main character. This should take place as the story progresses. This is where the story uses metaphors and symbols in order to bring out the protagonist’s journey (Patterson & Andrew 33). In other words, the story ranges from being easy to being complex. In Matheson’s novel, this characteristic is present. As the story begins, the reader is able to identify with the protagonist of the novel by the name Robert Neville (Matheson Chp. 1). As the story progresses, the introduction of new characters makes the story more complex. For example, a reader can ask some questions. What is the significance of Ruth’s character in the story? Do the two share anything in common? Why was Neville the only surviving human?

Matheson’s novel is a metaphor in itself. The strange disease may be the current AIDS epidemic. Since there are people who are said to be immune to the disease, Neville could be a representative of those people. From a different dimension, the strange disease could be the evil in the world while Neville could represent those who still believe in fairness and justice. Ruth could present the hypocrites; those who pretend to be good while they have evil intentions in their hearts. Currently, the world has witnessed a lot of injustice. For example, there has been terrorism, oppression of the poor and the marginalized groups, just to mention but a few. Despite this, there are those who still believe in the right virtues thus try to finish this evil. This book is a representation of the same.

Heilein’s story has the same progression. The story revolves around Valentine Michael Smith, an orphan raised in Mars, but who then comes back to planet earth for a mission (Heinrein Chp. 1). As the story progresses, new characters are introduced to the story. The protagonist proceeds from being a strange man in a hospital, to a prisoner, to being a celebrity, to being a leader of a cult and then he finally dies. As the protagonist proceeds, he introduces new themes in the novel.

Another difference is that non-literary works have messages that seem to make the original point more complex than it is. On the other hand, non-literary texts are simple and easy to follow. The story is not difficult to follow (Patterson & Andrew 40). This difference is evident in these two novels. In Heinlein’s novel, the protagonist’s role cannot be easily defined. Although he had come to warn the humans that the planet would be destroyed by the Martians as they had destroyed planet V, he later involved in other activities that are not clear whether they benefit or destroy the humans. This makes the reader concentrate more as the story becomes complex.

In Matheson’s novel, the story has its share of complexity but one can easily follow the story. The characters just develop the plot, but they do not make it too complex to follow. One can be able to follow Neville through out the story. The frequent flashbacks enable the reader to understand his background and his current position.

Non-literary works can be read by the everyday reader. As earlier identified, they are written for entertaining the readers. Literary works are not just read for entertainment. One needs to analyze them in order to understand their deeper meanings (Patterson & Andrew 46). In this case, both books can be analyzed. For example, why did Matheson decide to use the fictional state of a man who was the only one left without being infected by the vampire disease? Why were the vampires taking over the earth? When Neville said that he was a legend before he was executed, did this mean just that or was there a deeper meaning?

Heinrein’s book also raises similar questions. One needs a deeper analysis in order to understand the story’s objective or objectives. Why does Heinrein use a different planet and especially mars? Which themes are seen when the Fosterite church allows the acts of sexuality, alcoholism and gambling to be practiced in church? Does Smith’s death signify anything? These questions allow the reader to be more careful and concentrate more when reading this novel.

Literary works comprise of both fictional and non-fictional works. The content of the work can determine the category of the work. The main objective of a literary work is to communicate a deeper meaning than it can be seen by just reading it. In most cases, the authors combine both the literary and the nonliterary techniques in order to attract both the worlds of the literary and the non-literary readers.

A deeper analysis should be done between both works in order to identify whether the Matheson’s novel is a literary or a non-literary work. This is because the techniques of both types of works have been used in order to develop the plot of the story. One reading at home for the sake of entertainment can pick up the novel and read it. Similarly, a lecturer teaching literature to students in their first or second year at the university can also pick up the book and use it.

Conclusion

Deeper analysis need to be done in order to establish whether Matheson’s novel should be categorized as a literary or a non-literary work. At its current state, the novel can serve as a literary or a non-literary work. There is a thin line between literary and non-literary works. Further differences should be researched on in order to create a more definite boundary between the two works. Although most literary works are complex, there are those that are simple to follow yet they follow deeper meanings in them.

Matheson’s book is not different from Heinrein’s book, and neither is it as complex as Heinrein’s book is. Yet, it brings forth both the educative and the entertaining aspect of it. In fact, it has been developed into becoming approximately three times since it was written. More texts should be incorporated in the syllabus in order to identify more differences that may be able to give a defined boundary between the literary and the non-literary works.

Works Cited

Inge, M T. Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. Print.

Matheson, Richard. I Am Legend. New York: ORB, 1995. Print.

Patterson, William H, and Andrew Thornton. The Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein’s Stranger in a Strange Land. Sacramento, Calif: Nitrosyncretic Press, 2001. Print.

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Accounting Scenario

Calculation of Variable Overhead Costs:
Fixed overheads = 100,000 dollars
Fixed overhead cost per ski pair = 100,000 divided by 10,000 = 10 dollars

Because Total overheads = 15 dollars, hence, variable costs of overhead = 15 – 10 = 5 dollars

i) Judging by the derived Calculations, it would be a better option if the company made the bindings. If they did this, the margin of contribution would amount to10 dollars for each pair. On the other hand, if the company subcontracted the task of making the bindings, the margin of contribution would amount to 9.5 dollars for each pair. This translates to a difference in profit of five dollars between the two alternatives.

ii) In order to be in a position to derive the maximum acceptable price of purchasing, this cost should be the one that results in a similar margin of contribution regarding the two possible options. On the basis of the derived calculations, this cost is 10 dollars per ski pair (5 dollar cost per ski binding)
iii) If the sales volume was at 12,500, it would still be more profitable to choose the option of making the bindings, regardless of the additional fixed costs. If Minnetonka chooses to make the bindings, the option will reveal more profits as compared to the option of her buying the bindings. The option of making the bindings will result in 15.20 dollars in the profit made as compared to profit worth13.50 dollars, if purchasing the bindings was the case. (Full analysis on excel spread sheet)

iv) The degree of control is among of the most fundamental principles that the management should consider in the course of the manufacturing process that would forfeited if the company opts to purchase the bindings from an external source. If the supply were delayed in any form, the consequences would therefore greatly influence Minnetonka’s decisions on operation. In addition, if the management opts to purchase the bindings, then this would mean a lay off procedure would have to be undertaken, denying numerous s employees their jobs because of this decision. On the other hand, Purchasing the bindings would rescue the company from shouldering the cost burden of renting or buying the necessary equipment required to in the process of making the bindings. In addition, subcontracting the entire or part of the binding process would leave the management with room to focus on more pressing matters or attend to other fundamental processes of the operation, meaning the goals would be achieved in a timely fashion.

Reference:

Garrod, N., Bošković, M., & Valentinčič, A. (January 01, 2005). Estimating cost of capital and growth using accounting fundamentals: An application to emerging markets. Programme and Collected Abstracts.

Accounting in interorganizational settings. (January 01, 2004). Accounting, Organizations and Society, 29, 1.

Iyengar, S. P. (January 01, 2006). COST ACCOUNTING. Finance India, 20, 3, 1055-1056.

Upchurch, A. (2002). Cost accounting. New York: Financial Times Prentice Hall.

 

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Nations and Nationalism 

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‘A nation is a symbolic community… a national culture is a discourse’ (Hall, 1992:292)

            A nation can be defined as a community of different people governed by one political rule. The people in that community use one official language to communicate to each other. The idea of being a nation is defined by the culture of the people. The culture of the people is greatly influenced by the politicians, community leaders and other sources like the media. The culture of the people is taught in schools and through communication that is able to reach many people like the media (Reisigl, 1999). The national identity of a person can be seen through the way a person behaves. People who belong to a certain nation tend to have similar behaviors and believe that it controls the way they live their life (Bourdieu, 1994).

When a person is born, they are not able to tell their national identity, but they are taught their culture as they grow up. This is to say that a nation is a collection of different cultures living in one community. For a person to be identified with a certain nation, they have to believe in the nation’s culture which makes them have a sense of belonging. The culture of a nation gives meaning their origin by memories of their common history. Culture influences the way people in one community accommodate each other’s actions and beliefs. A nation is built based on the past historical events, symbols that reveal events that brought happiness or sorrow and are able to bring together communities. The identity of a nation is formed from historical memories and the ability of different people to live together in harmony. A person has no control of his or her national identity. History has a great influence on how a nation is formed, the people who live in that society and share the same territories and boundaries.

The identity of a nation reveals the needs of the people, what they hope for and their way of looking at life. A nation preserves its history by establishing institutions like museums and having education systems that teach children about their history. National identity enables a person to have a meaning of who they are, and this influences the way they see themselves. A nation is built up of people who share different common ideas like history territory and values. Different communities that make up a nation have a common past, and try to build their future together. People who come from the same nation share a common past and future. This makes members of a nation have a common history (McKinlay, 2011). The lives of members of a society are also built around their national identity especially the way a legal system works. The national identity of a person is traced back to time and history. The historical events that happened whether positive or negative can be used to construct a person’s national identity.

Members of the same nationality can be identified by their narrative especially in areas like the media. The stories and historical events featured in the media show common events and experiences shared by the members of a nation. A nation is founded by the importance it gives to their myth of origin to create a national culture. Their myth of origin sometimes may be non-existent.  Industrialization and modernization have not affected the idea of nationalism but instead it has given it more importance especially in politics.

Members of the same nationality have common things that they share which differentiates them from other groups of people. National identities enable people to tolerate, respect and learn from each other. For a nation to exist and flourish there has to be trust among its members that enables them to develop and grow it. Nationalism brings unity to a nation that enables the members meet their needs. What differentiates nations is the common interest members pursue and share which is seen to be different other nation’s interests. The culture of a nation consists of the members of that nation’s belief, the way they behave and the symbolic historical thoughts (Gellner, 1997). Some of the characteristics of members of a nation include common attitudes, values; they try to achieve common goals and practices. The culture of a nation can be seen through the historical experiences that are represented with symbols and members of the nation continue to preserve their culture. Members of a nation show loyalty and are patriotic towards their country. They feel proud to be associated with a certain nationality. A nation’s may be identified by the member’s assumptions, their basic needs, requirements, the longings and desires of the ordinary people (Hobsbawm, 1990).

In a capitalist nation where their common interests are different from the other nations’, members of the nation are encouraged to develop their country by using local products to build their nation. Members of a nation are bound together by their need to be able to provide for themselves economically. Nations are made up of members of different ethnicity who are seen to have a common historical identity. The history that they share can be of war, people who were involved in the war to defend their country. In some countries like France, the national identity is their language. Members who share common myths and legends about their origin also form a nation. Individual members of a nation come up with stories of their origin that enable them understand their relationships to the world and each other.

The language used in a nation’s media like for example, newspapers, bond different members of a community together who do not know each other to have a relationship. Members of a nation who know each other are very limited. Some nations were formed because of rejection of some religious beliefs (Anderson, 1991). Those who rejected the oppression from their religions left and formed a nation that had freedom of worship. Members of nations value the nation’s interests above anything else to attain political sovereignty. Individual members of nations work together towards attaining a common good, in order to take care of the welfare of its people. The pursuing of common good and awareness has made individuals come together to form a nation and laws to govern them. Nationalism occurs when members of a community share a common language, tradition and have a sense of belonging. The sense of belonging to a nation makes them care about their history, the values of their nation and their traditions.

Some people become citizens of other nations regardless of their color or ethnicity. These immigrants are not bound by the identity of that country, culture or joint history and traditions. Members of a nation hope that their nation will be great and have a bright future. These notions bring together people of different languages and territories to come together and form a nation that has its own culture. People have become conscious of their nationalities, and this has greatly influenced the way people live their life. It has brought with it negative effects like racism. Racism makes members of a certain community see themselves as superior. This has made nations come up with ways of bringing people together through racial unification.

Nationalism makes people loyal to their country. Members of that country obey what the government tells them, and this is known as a duty to the nation. Most nations have their own national symbols and traditions. Nations have symbols like national flags that are respected. Members of a nation sing special songs that reveal how good and important their nation is. Whenever the national anthem is sung, people stand still and upright. This is a way of showing loyalty to a person’s country.

Nationalism is like a religion in which people are emotionally attached to, they believe in it, and it is a way of identification (Katz, 1999). Some people change their nationalities for economic reasons. They migrate to other nations to be economically empowered (Deutsch, 1966). Nationalism is a collection of identities and the members of these nations have a common cultural heritage. This makes nationalism to be closely related to political power as may influence the way people from different cultures associate with each other (Featherstone 1990). Territorial boundaries create nation, states and political associations (Guibernau, 2001). Globalization has its effect on nations. It has changed the national systems people migrate from one nation to another. Globalization in return has made nations have no boundaries. Politicians have used nationalism to enable them retain power in a territory. Nationalism is what creates nations and a common language shapes and influences a person’s daily life.

In conclusion, a nation cannot exist without its citizens. Due to globalization, people can be identified with different nations because of migration for economic reason. This has made the world have no bounders.

 

Reference

Bourdieu, P. (1994). Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field, in Sociological Theory 12/1: 1-18.

Reisigl, M., Liebhart, K., Cillia, R. ., & Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Edinburgh: EdinburghUniversity Press.

McKinlay, A., & McVittie, C. (2011). Identities in context: Individuals and discourse in action. Chichester, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell.

Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge [England: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Gellner, E. (1997). Nationalism. Washington Square, N.Y: New YorkUniversity Press.

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. (1991). Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso. pp. 224

Katz, D. (1999) Fields of psychology. New York.

Deutsch, K. W. (1966). Nationalism and social communication. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press.

Featherstone, M. (1990). Global culture: Nationalism, globalization, and modernity: a Theory, culture & society special issue. London: Sage Publications.

Guibernau, B. M. M., & Hutchinson, J. (2001). Understanding nationalism. Cambridge: Polity.

 

 

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Discussion Board 4 – International Business 

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Discussion Board 4 – International Business

            Boeing and other companies should go along with China terms; as such, a business venture will bring together different skills and talents. Boeing will benefit from local labor provided by the government, land rights and a building to run their business. Boeing in return will bring in technology, equipment and capital. They will have to come into an agreement with the Chinese government on division of profits, who will own the property when the contract comes to an end and how they will share risks and losses. The reason why the China government uses this method is to bring together modern management skills to assist in economic development (Harrigan, 1999). This usually helps the China government to get advance expertise on modern management skills and technology. It also assists China as a country to get better market for their export of goods and services. These joint ventures help China acquire advanced technology, they also make a profit from such business ventures, and they are able to get modern expertise knowledge. The main objective of the Chinese government is to acquire modern management skills and technology especially in areas of electronics. Foreign investors like Boeing and other companies will provide technical knowledge especially in areas of engineering, providing technical and management skills. (Yan & Child, 2000). China is seeking foreign marketing skills in order to enhance their marketing skills and technology from foreign companies.

The transfers of technology into such a country as China from foreign companies gives China tools to assist them solve problems. China is able to learn modern technology from foreign companies. An advantage Boeing will have in agreeing to such a joint venture with China is that they will be able to penetrate the China market more quickly. Another advantage is that Boeing will have marketing rights (Zhou 1999).

China’s government enters into such joint ventures to make profits from foreign companies. Majority of government owned companies who do joint business ventures with foreign business companies are able to compete with already established local organizations. The China government is encouraging joint business ventures with foreign companies to enable strengthened economic relations. China can expand its economy, technology and modern management skills while providing a good investment opportunity for the foreign company.

China’s political structure and economic system are based on communism. Companies in China are deeply rooted in traditional management systems. Most industries are owned by the government, and they do not have specific owners. This makes accountability of managers in most industries difficult.

Boeing will benefit from this joint venture as the government protects them from risks that are caused by either politics or economical risks. This joint venture with the China government will assist them reduce environmental uncertainty (Barkema, 1997). Having joint ventures with China, Boeing will not face serious challenges like understanding the local business environment, and they will be able to run their business smoothly and make profits. This in return will make Boeing highly dependent on the China government.

Boeing and other companies should not risk losing sales by refusing transfer technology they have to ensure that the government will give them significant market access, infrastructure and premises. They have to be careful with their patent and trademarks so that they do not lose control over them. Boeing has to employ one of the managers from their own people. This will assist Boeing to make sure that they standard of working is maintained. Boeing and the China government should come up with a clear exit strategy. Although investing in China has more benefits to the government, Boeing will make adequate profits from the business venture.

Reference

Barkema, H.G., O. Shenkar, F. Vermeulen, and J.H. Bell, 1997, “Working Abroad, Working with Others: How Firms Learn to Operate International Joint Ventures”, Academy of Management Journal 40, 2, pp. 426-442.

Harrigan, Kathryn R. (1999). Strategies for Joint Venture Success. Lexington, Mass; Lexington Books.

Yan, Yani, John Child and Lu Yuan (2000). Ownership and control in international business: An examination of Sino-foreign international joint ventures, Paper given to Academic of Management Annual Meeting, Vancouver.

Zhou, Xin. (1999) China’s national economy grows well, Beijing Review. December 2-8:21.

 

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Reading Analysis

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Chapter 1

1. Evaluate this chapter definition of communication. What are its strengths/ what are its weaknesses? If you were asked to improve it in one way, by adding, subtracting, or modifying something, what would you change?

Communication is defined or described as one way of passing across or sharing information. The author implies that for communication to take place, three crucial elements have to be present, and these include the sender of the message, the receiver of the message and the message itself. Communication, therefore, can take place across long distances through space and time, though at times the receiver of the message need not know that a message has been send to him, and what purposes the message or communication is intended. For communication to occur, however, the two parties communicating have to share a communicative commonality, and communication only becomes complete when the receiver of the message receives the message and understands its intentions. The chapter has a number of strengths, some of which are in regards to the fact that the author extensively covered methods of communication, types of communication and other factors associated with communication such as barriers to communication. However, the text is not without weaknesses. For instance, the author assumes that communication only takes place between humans and animals. If I were to improve this text, I would add that non-human organisms like trees, fungi and bacteria also communicate.

1. Recall an incident in which you or an acquaintance experienced a communication breakdown because of a verbal or non- verbal linguistic barrier. Chronicle this incident.

There are numerous barriers to communication, which are categorized under verbal and non- verbal categories. All these barriers prevent individuals from communicating and passing or sharing messages effectively. Some of these include physical barriers, system design, attitudinal barriers, and ambiguity of words, information presentation, physiological barriers and linguistic abilities of individuals. Once I experienced one of these barriers that prevented me from receiving a message effectively. I was attending an important seminar once that did not go as expected. The presenter of one of the talks in the seminar had several charts that were supposed to ease our understanding of what he had to say. However, his charts were complex and too advanced for me to understand all the relationships he was trying to explain. As a result, of poor presentation, I was unable to understand what the presenter was talking about.

1. This chapter questions the statement that no people can see the same thing because the statement is self- discrediting. If the statement were true, the person making the statement would have no way of knowing that it is true since, by his or her own admission, he or she could never gain access to what other people see for the purpose of determining this. What do you think?

This statement is true. This is because; people hold different ideas, interpretations and understanding of different phenomenon and concepts. This is to mean that people cannot have the same ideas about something; people disagree on different concepts and ideas because they have their own understanding of these concepts. When people are sharing ideas or putting across their messages, they usually have to leave space for doubt, disagreement and opposing ideas. When people are communicating, they cannot impose their ideas on their audiences, because they realize that their audiences have different opinions, and they might not agree with the ideas of the speaker.

1. This chapter discusses stereotyping as a potential obstacle to communication. Provide five examples of stereotypes and explain, after each, how it can prevent communication from occurring.

There are different kinds of stereotypes in communication that essentially affect the effectiveness of communication. One common stereotype is the stereotype for boss. When one’s boss greets him or her, or even communicates to them, an individual will react differently than the way they react when their colleagues communicate to them. Another stereotype is the gender stereotype. In some cases, women are not regarded as men are, and, therefore, their messages are not adequately passed across. Between group interactions, also trigger stereotypes, emotions in such cases are provoked by group encounters that are uncomfortable, and are transferred to the group. The media also generate crucial stereotypes in its audiences, the experiences these individuals have with members of other groups are derived from the media, in which messages that are biased are communicated by under representing or stereotyping those groups. Social roles also lead to correspondence bias. Observing a group’s behaviors can lead to significant effects on an individual’s impressions. Numerous facts suggest that the groups’ stereotypes reflect the social roles that are assumed by members of the groups (Nelson, 2009).

Chapter 2

1. Words are powerful communicational tools. Consider the following words of wisdom from James 3: 2- 10. Drawing from personal experience, write a 100- 200-word response in which you describe the power of words to be destructive and to be constructive.

Words can be manipulative, in that they can influence the actions of an individual and behavior. It is common for universities and colleges to engage in strikes and protests. Once I was involved in such protests, which were entirely influenced by the words of the student leaders. The student leaders made speeches that made us believe that our rights were being violated, and that the only way to get back our rights and freedom was through demonstration and protests. Needless to say, that these protests led to violence, which left a number of fellow students, injured. The most essential thing I learned from this protest was that words could lead people to engage in destructive and even dangerous actions. We were comfortable in school before the student leaders made their speech. It was only after the inciting speech that we realized that we had to fight for our ‘rights’ which we thought we had all along. After a couple of days, the student leaders reconsidered and the made other speeches that later made us decide to go back to school and abandon the protests. This is an excellent example of how powerful words are.

1. In a paragraph or two, answer the following questions about your use of artifacts to send people information about yourself. a) Which colors do you like to wear? Which do you not like to wear? b) Why do people like or not like them? Which ideas or feelings do or might they communicate to other people?

Artifacts can be essential communicators of our emotions, feelings and who we are. Colors are particularly excellent communicators of our characters. For instance, I like wearing dull colors that do not draw attention to me. I like colors like brown, dark green, grey, dark blue and any other colors that are not ‘shouting’. The reason why I like these colors is because they do not draw unnecessary attention to me, and helps me blend well with the others. I do not like to wear colors that are too bright or bold colors like purple, red, pink, yellows, or bright green. These make one be the center of attention, and I prefer not to be the midpoint of attention. People like me like these colors, because these colors because they help them stay unrecognized among their colleagues, they make them blend well with others. People who are not like me do not like these colors because they think that they reflect lack of interest in grooming or confidence. However, the colors I like communicate the feeling of comfort to those around me, people feel like they can talk to me because of the way I dress.

1. Consider the following statement by Cornelius LaPide, a 17^th century Jesuit priest. Write a 100- 200-word response that states your agreement, partial agreement or disagreement with this statement. State your position clearly and succinctly, and back it up with information that supports your position, such as testimonies from experts, illustrations, or examples from your personal experience or that of someone else.

This statement is true. I agree that one’s face and eyes are the true indications of one’s heart or character and behavior. People who are kind and happy show it with their soft facial expressions and with their smiling eyes. People who are unkind, rude and uncomfortable around people show this through their tight expressions, scowls, and rudeness in eyes and hatred in their eyes. One can easily distinguish a person who is kind and nice from one who is unkind and unhappy by the way, they carry themselves around and through their facial expressions. Facial expressions are one or more positions or motions of the skin’s muscles. These positions show the emotional state of the owner of the face to those observing him. Facial expressions are a type of nonverbal communication (Freitas-Magalhaes, 2007).

1. Share an example of a strange regional word or expression that you or a friend has encountered during your lifetime. Be sure for each of these to identify your hometown or region where you were when you encountered the strange expression. Who said it? What was his or her home region? What did you think when you first heard the expression? How did you learn the intended meaning of the strange expression? Which term do people from your home region use for the same thing?

Numerous phrases and expressions are used by different individuals to mean something that is known in another region by a different phrase or name (Berlo, 1960). Once we went on a trip to a beach in south Jersey. My friend and I went for a walk in the afternoon and maybe a swim at the beach. We were enjoying our time at the beach when all of a sudden we heard a man calling; he was selling ice cream. We did not want any so we declined pleasantly and kept on walking. Then he asked, ‘you are shoobies, aren’t you?’ we were confused as to why this man was insulting us even after we had reacted pleasantly to him. We asked him why he was insulting us, and that is when he laughed loudly and explained that in Jersey shoobie was a phrase used to depict individuals who like to frequent the beach. We apologized and told him we were not familiar with the phrase.

 

 

References

Berlo, D. K. (1960). The process of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston

Freitas-Magalhaes, A. (2007). The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face. Oporto:               University Fernando Pessoa Press

Nelson, T. (2009). The unbearable accuracy of stereotypes in Handbook of prejudice,         stereotyping, and discrimination. Psychology Press.

 

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Should we discard normal marketing for e marketing?

            Marketing can be defined as a collection of activities that involve creation, interaction and distribution of product and service value to consumers and controlling their relationships with the aim of benefiting the particular business. The main purpose of marketing is in identifying and satisfying the consumer’s requirements and hence maintaining the customer’s loyalty to the business. There are two main types of marketing including e-marketing and normal marketing.

Electronic marketing involves the strategic procedures such as development, distribution, advertising and selling of goods and services aimed at a particular market through electronic means such as the internet (Boone & Kurtz 127). One of the main activities involves sending an email message to a particular consumer in form of an advertisement or any other business related information aimed at developing customer loyalty or awareness about the product. The ways in which marketing is carried out are continuing to change and enhance and hence increase the efficiency in how businesses communicate to consumers concerning their products and services.

The main significance of electronic marketing is drawn from the use of the internet. The internet is considered a heavy force that enables businesses reach millions of customers through interaction activities. This means that organizations are able to interact with customers from different parts of the world, which have access to internet connection (Boone & Kurtz 127). However, normal marketing, which is more traditional, consists of costs that restrict the length of the consumer’s reach to the multinational level. E marketing instead gives access to minor businesses in reaching target consumers globally.

Electronic marketing involving internet gives the marketer several ways or options in which they offer goods and services to consumers. This is made possible through access to a wide variety of information from different sources that give ideas on how businesses can successfully implement their business strategies. The internet enables the various marketers and consumers to share and exchange important information through web applications, in which businesses are able to detail on their profile or any other related information as they create their website (Pride, William and Ferrell 77). As a result, consumers are able to inform themselves about the organization’s products and services including product price, characteristics and the various designs or make.

While normal marketing only seeks in conveying a message about the Company’s brand in the market, electronic marketing extends this function by enabling interactivity between organizations and customers. This is made possible through two-way interaction medium, in which businesses can respond to customer’s demands through suggestions and questions about the services and products offered. As a result, customers become more self-motivated and adaptive. E marketing through internet gives consumers the benefit of immediacy (Arnold 21). For example, if a client views an advertisement of a good or service like a laptop or a vehicle, it is possible for him to access the desired product or service more easily when compared to normal marketing.

With normal marketing, the customer has to make an effort in traveling to where the particular product or service is located in order to access it. As a result, it becomes more expensive when purchasing the product bearing the cost of transport. However, for electronic marketing, the consumer is only required to access the internet on a computer, where he can order for the product or service through the click of a button and have it delivered to him without having to experience delays (Arnold 22).

Another advantaged is that online or electronic transactions can take place at any time despite the regular working hours of businesses. As a result, electronic business ends up being more effective since profit is accumulated during the period in which physical business operations are closing since it operates on a 24-hour clock. In addition, based on the aspects of supplying information and extracting customer’s feedback, the clients’ purchasing phase is hastened and hence product promotion can go to the extent of bringing immediate results of profit success (Pride, William and Ferrell 78).

Electronic marketing is also known for the benefit of minimizing costs of communication at a high rate as compared to normal marketing. For example, the minimal costs of data collection incurred in E marketing win over the greater expenses incurred in carrying out market research using traditional means such as buying books, newspaper articles or any other sources with related information. In addition, costs of communicating using telecommunication devices such as telephones or mobile phones are more costly than communicating through email.

Based on the above significant functionalities of electronic over normal marketing, it is obvious that electronic marketing has become more successful in applying effective marketing between consumers and businesses. This relies on factors involving cost, time and easy access to information, goods and services. As much as normal marketing can reach those customers who cannot access the internet, it is preferred to select a marketing strategy that has more advantages since it will help businesses in achieving their goals in earning increased profit and maintaining a good relationship with their customers.

Works Cited

Arnold, John. E-mail Marketing for Dummies. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2008. Print.

Kurtz, David L, and Louis E. Boone. Contemporary Marketing. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Pride, William M, and O C. Ferrell. Foundations of Marketing: Custom Edition 2009-2010. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.

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Unit 6 Journal Dana

Level of confidence is a term used to show the percentage of possibility that the mean, proportion or any statistics lie in that range. It increases the confidence of a person who carries out other tests. Level of confidence makes it possible for the person to predict the results. Confidence level can also be defined as an expression of showing how a researcher has confidence in the results from a sample (Webb, 2005). A system used in matches will show consistency and accuracy in results. Values of the scores are expected to gradually show a smaller range as the number of matches increases. A researcher’s level of confidence will be determined by number of factors. They are size of sample, the frequency of respondents and size of population. There was an agreement among researchers that these factors must be considered when carrying out the study (Amabile, 1989).

A confidence interval is the approximation of a range of figures, which are likely to be part of a population that is not known. The range approximated is acquired from a given data. If samples are collected severally from one population, and calculation of interval confidence is done, it is expected that the percentage of those intervals will be inclusive of the population that is not known. The width of the interval of confidence shows roughly how unsure it is about the unknown population. When calculating the confidence interval it is not necessarily compulsory to get a result of ninety five percent. Other accepted figures can be ninety, ninety-nine or even ninety-nine percent. Confidence levels are more details than just carrying out hypotheses tests. When calculating the confidence interval, selecting confidence level is what determines whether the confidence level will fall in value with the real parameter (Burdick & Montgomery, 2005).

The relationship between these two features is that they are both used in the research. They are specifically useful in the interpretation and analysis of the data collected. The confidence level is used to determine the confidence interval. This means that wrong choice of confidence level will lead to a wrong value of confidence interval. Both features work with a range of values. Confidence level is a range of values where the accurate figure is likely to be. The same case applies to the confidence interval. It also deals with a range of figures where which the approximation is being made (Leonard & VanPool, 2011). Some of the differences found between these two features are the different way of calculating. The two have different formulas because they determine different phenomena. The confidence level calculates how sure a researcher is that accuracy lies from the range of values he or she gets. The confidence interval determines the approximation of the expected results from the research. Another difference is the confidence level only uses ninety and ninety-nine percentage levels. In the confidence interval, ninety-five percent is most common, but other percentages are also acceptable (Gibbons & Coleman, 2001).

The 95% confidence interval can be any value like 27 or 30. To say it in a simpler way, one is 95% confident that the real average of a given sample data is between 27 and 30.

The 99% confidence interval may be any figure like 25 or 32. This means that a person is 99% confident that the real average of a sample group is between 25 and 32. The confidence level is directly proportional to the confidence interval (Lavrakas & Sage, 2008). When the confidence level becomes higher, it influences the confidence interval to be wider. When the level of confidence becomes lower, the confidence interval will become narrower. In normal circumstances, it would be preferred to land directly on the accurate figure. Alternatively, a researcher would like to have a narrower confidence interval and at the same time, be as confident as possible. This is why it is important to have as large a sample size as possible. This way, possible errors will be minimized as well as get a small interval (Gibbons & Coleman, 2001).

 

References

Amabile, T., Consortium for Mathematics and Its Applications (U.S.), Chedd-Angier Production Company., American Statistical Association., American Society for Quality Control., Annenberg/CPB Collection., & Intellimation, Inc. (1989). Confidence intervals.Washington, D.C.: Annenberg/CPB Collection.

Burdick, R. K., Borror, C. M., & Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Design and analysis of gauge R&R studies: Making decisions with confidence intervals in random and mixed ANOVA models. Philadelphia, Pa: Society for Industrial Applied Mathematics.

Gibbons, R. D., & Coleman, D. E. (2001). Statistical methods for detection and quantification of environmental contamination.New York: Wiley

Leonard, R. D., & VanPool, Todd L. (2011). Quantitative Analysis in Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons

Leonard, R. D., & VanPool, Todd L. (2011). Quantitative Analysis in Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons.

Lavrakas, P. J., & Sage Publications, inc. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods.Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.

Webb, D. W., & U.S. Army Research Laboratory. (2005). Interval estimates for probabilities of non-perforation derived from a generalized pivotal quantity.Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory.

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