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GDP in UAE

Year	GDP %
1995	8.14
1996	8.24
1997	7.17
1998	7.15
1999	7.01
2000	6.19
2001	6.21
2002	6.17
2003	11.9
2004	6.14
2005	6.25
2006	6.18
2007	6.19
2008	6.17
2009	1.60
2010	6.21
2011	6.19

The gross domestic product of UAE has been stable through out the Years. However, it has been decreasing since 1995. One of the reasons is the economic global crisis, which have had a negative effect on every country in the world. In the year 2009, there was a significant drop of the GDP. This was caused by the unstable world oil prices and other factors affecting the economy. In 2010, the GDP regained its normal figure and it is expected to improve in the coming Years. The improvement will be facilitated by the stable political environment and the increased economic activities. The government is also implementing measures, which will boost the economy (Mehaan & Heddi, n.d ).

 

Mean

The mean GDP of the seventeen years is 6.21%. The gross domestic product for this country has been stable for the last ten year. Only in 2009 when there was a significant drop to 1.60%.

Median

The middle figure is 8.2. Therefore, this is the median of this data.

Standard deviation

This shows how much this data has deviated form its mean. This data’s standard deviation is 10.37%

Skewness 

The distribution of these figures is skewed to the positive side. It is 8.04

Quartile

This is the difference between the lower and upper quartile. It is 5.39.

Hypotheses test Steps

This project will include a hypotheses based on the improvement of the GDP. The X and Y are from a normal distribution and they are independent.

1. To test the hypotheses, the t distribution table will be used because the size of sample is large.
2. The appropriate degrees of freedom will be determined. This will help assist in reading the table.
3. The confidence interval should also be determined before calculation.
4. The final answer should show be a range, where the actual figure lies (Freedman, Pisani & Purves, 2007).

Conclusion

These statistics methods assist in analyzing and interpreting data. For example, the measures of dispersion are used to evaluate how much the data has deviated from the mean (Kendall, et al, 1994). The results of the hypotheses test will determine whether there is any growth in the GDP. It is possible to predict the performance of GDP, using these measures. When the government of UAE implements better economic strategies, the GDP is expected to grow (Boudreau & McClave, 2008).

Reference:

Boudreau, N. S., & McClave, J. T. (2008). Student solutions manual, Statistics for business and economics 10e: McClave, Benson, Sincich. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Freedman, D., Pisani, R., & Purves, R. (2007). Statistics. New York [u.a.: Norton.

Kendall, M. G., Stuart, A., Ord, J. K., Arnold, S. F., & O’Hagan, A. (1994). Kendall‘s advanced theory of statistics. London: Edward Arnold.

Meehan, Paul & Heddi, Mustapha (n.d.). United Arab Emirates : Economic Data : Intute World Guide. (Intute.) Intute.

GDP in UAE

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GDP in UAE

Year	GDP %
1995	8.14
1996	8.24
1997	7.17
1998	7.15
1999	7.01
2000	6.19
2001	6.21
2002	6.17
2003	11.9
2004	6.14
2005	6.25
2006	6.18
2007	6.19
2008	6.17
2009	1.60
2010	6.21
2011	6.19

The gross domestic product of UAE has been stable through out the Years. However, it has been decreasing since 1995. One of the reasons is the economic global crisis, which have had a negative effect on every country in the world. In the year 2009, there was a significant drop of the GDP. This was caused by the unstable world oil prices and other factors affecting the economy. In 2010, the GDP regained its normal figure and it is expected to improve in the coming Years. The improvement will be facilitated by the stable political environment and the increased economic activities. The government is also implementing measures, which will boost the economy (Mehaan & Heddi, n.d ).

 

Mean

The mean GDP of the seventeen years is 6.21%. The gross domestic product for this country has been stable for the last ten year. Only in 2009 when there was a significant drop to 1.60%.

Median

The middle figure is 8.2. Therefore, this is the median of this data.

Standard deviation

This shows how much this data has deviated form its mean. This data’s standard deviation is 10.37%

Skewness 

The distribution of these figures is skewed to the positive side. It is 8.04

Quartile

This is the difference between the lower and upper quartile. It is 5.39.

Hypotheses test Steps

This project will include a hypotheses based on the improvement of the GDP. The X and Y are from a normal distribution and they are independent.

1. To test the hypotheses, the t distribution table will be used because the size of sample is large.
2. The appropriate degrees of freedom will be determined. This will help assist in reading the table.
3. The confidence interval should also be determined before calculation.
4. The final answer should show be a range, where the actual figure lies (Freedman, Pisani & Purves, 2007).

Conclusion

These statistics methods assist in analyzing and interpreting data. For example, the measures of dispersion are used to evaluate how much the data has deviated from the mean (Kendall, et al, 1994). The results of the hypotheses test will determine whether there is any growth in the GDP. It is possible to predict the performance of GDP, using these measures. When the government of UAE implements better economic strategies, the GDP is expected to grow (Boudreau & McClave, 2008).

Reference:

Boudreau, N. S., & McClave, J. T. (2008). Student solutions manual, Statistics for business and economics 10e: McClave, Benson, Sincich. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Freedman, D., Pisani, R., & Purves, R. (2007). Statistics. New York [u.a.: Norton.

Kendall, M. G., Stuart, A., Ord, J. K., Arnold, S. F., & O’Hagan, A. (1994). Kendall‘s advanced theory of statistics. London: Edward Arnold.

Meehan, Paul & Heddi, Mustapha (n.d.). United Arab Emirates : Economic Data : Intute World Guide. (Intute.) Intute.

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Background

 The years 2008 and 2009 saw the United Arab Emirates experience an economic crisis. The particular emirate that was affected most by the crisis was Dubai (Ahmad and Al, 2010). Privately owned projects that were initiated in Dubai were cancelled while others were put to hold. The withdrawal of the private and foreign investors was a result of the financial strain that was being experienced globally. This withdrawal was detrimental to Dubai’s economic growth. The debt crisis of United Arab Emirates has also had a toll on the economy of Dubai. With little oil resources of its own, the international market lost hope in the emirate’s ability to contribute in offsetting the debt. There has therefore been a need to rescue Dubai from its economic constraints (Ahmad and Al, 2010).

The government then introduced a diversification program that was aimed at salvaging Dubai’s economic crisis (Ahmad and Al, 2010). The concentration of the program was to reduce the contribution of sectors related to oil in United Arab Emirate’s economy. The implication of this measure was to develop other sectors like trading, tourism and the technological firms. One of the strategies under the diversification program was the free zone strategy that was applied in Dubai and other emirates. This trading policy encouraged foreign investments in the region due to liberal trading policies. The policies decrease the amount of red tape applied by the UAE. This paper investigates the influence of the free zones on the economy of Dubai. It specifically shows the changes in the region’s GDP in the years 2009 to 2011.

Sample

The data that was used for the research was collected from financial reports of the UAE. These reports outline the UAE’s fiscal report from the year 2009 to 2011. The financial reporting was done by the International Monetary Fund. The data sampled describes the general population of the United Arab Emirates. Out of the seven emirates, Dubai is singled out and its population is indicated. The purpose of Dubai’s isolation is to see its contribution in the general GDP of UAE. All the data is well articulated in relation to the three fiscal years (IMF, 2011).

The GDP per capita and the real GDP is shown in the data compilation. The patterns of inflation during the three years are also shown. The purpose of this is to see the general trend in the purchasing vale of UAE’s currency. The data sampled also describes the exporting and importing patterns that UAE has experienced in the three years. The data indicates the value of the imports and exports and the growth in importation and exportation of goods in relation to previous years. The data also shows the exchange rate of the Dirham to the US Dollar (IMF, 2011).

The data also shows information on the levels of public debts. This information is represented in relation to the GDP. The data also shows the contribution of the different sectors on the economy. This is important in showing the influence of economic diversity. Some of the social indicators of a country’s economic development are unemployment and housing conditions. The data sampled shows the rates of unemployment and housing savings in the three years. The housing saving rates shows the government’s involvement in subsidizing housing costs for the citizens. The data also shows the percentages of trade freedom. This is in relation to the laws and policies that were enacted during the three-year period (IMF, 2011).

The purpose of the data is to compare the financial performances in the three fiscal years. This comparison is done while keenly observing the structural changes in the trading policies of UAE. Emphasis is laid in Arabia where Free Trading zones were introduced like the Jebel Ali Free Zone. The economic implications of the liberal policies are observed from the Per Capita GDP. In addition to this, social indicators like the housing standards and unemployment rates are also considered. This is because of the holistic dimension of economic development (Todaro, 1994).

Table with Summary of Samples

YEAR	2011	2010	2009
POPULATION
UAE Population (Million)	5.3	5.2	4.8
Dubai Population (Million)	0.7	0.6	0.4
Per Capita GDP (Billion Dollars)	365	301	271
Real GDP (%)	+3.3	+3.2	-3.1
ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION
Imports (Million Dollars)	185,627	161,412	149,708
Growth In Imports (%)	+15.1	+7.9	-15.2
Exports (Million Dollars)	254,278	212,263	191,777
Growth In Exports (%)	+19.9	+10.6	-19.7
Agriculture Sector	0.7	1.2	2.7
Industry Sector	59.4	48.8	36.2
Service Sector	39.8	40.2	42.2
Trade Freedom (%)	82.7	73	60
Exchange Rate	3.6	3.6	3.6
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Inflation (%)	3.7	2.7	1.2
Public Debts (%)	16.5	20.5	23.0
Unemployment Rates (%)	12.7	20.0	22.3
Housing Saving Rates (%)	15.6	14.0	10.0

 

Methodology

Quantitative analysis will be used to investigate whether economic growth was achieved in the region. The method will involve the comparison of the figures recorded for the three fiscal years. This implies comparing the GDP per Capita of the three years and relating them to the percentages of Trade Freedom that was experienced in the region. In addition to the economic growth of the region, the economic development of the region will also be monitored. This will involve comparing the rate of growth in GDP to the rate of reduction in public debts, unemployment and poor housing conditions.

The findings of the research show that there has been a steady increase in per Capita GDP of UAE. During the last fiscal year, there was a growth of 1.4%. Growth was also evident in the previous years.  The growth in per Capita GDP has been accompanied by growth in the liberty of trading policies in the region. In the three years, there has been an average of a 10% growth in the liberal policies of UAE. There has also been an increase in the economy’s dependence on industry. There has been a decline in the service and agricultural sectors. Economic growth has also been accompanied by changes in the structures of production. This is evident in the reduction of the rates of unemployment and poor housing facilities. However, this growth is negated by the rise in public debt. The last fiscal year saw a rise in the level of public by 1.5%.

It should be noted that the research has a number of weakness. One of the assumptions is that liberalization of the markets in the region played a major role in boosting the economy of the region.

Conclusion

The research proves the thesis that diversification of economies leads to an increase in per capita GDP of a state’s economy. UAE experienced a growth in its economy with the liberalization of its market. However, though economic growth is being achieved, the region is not experiencing economic development. This is evident in the region’s rise in the levels of public debt. Economic development needs economic growth that is accompanied by changes in the structures of production (Todaro, 1994).

 

 

Reference List

Todaro, M. P., & Todaro, M. P. (1994). Economic development. New York: Longman.

Ahmad, E., & Al, F. A. (2010). Fiscal reforms in the Middle East: VAT in the Gulf Cooperation Council. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

IMF. (2011). World economic outlook May 2011: A survey by the staff of the International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.

 

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Christian traditions

Evolution is a characteristic of the effect of time on the society and it is evidenced in basically every aspect of civilization. Christian worship has not been left out as the tradition undergone various changes over the course of time. Worship in the early church is highly different from the middle and the modern church. The early church was a minority movement characterized by a hostile religious environment (Duchesne, and McClure, 23).  The church could not conduct peaceful open air meetings or public Christian worship that normally characterizes the modern church. This is considered as the primary reason as to why the New Testament is limited in providing detailed directives regarding the order and leadership of worship (Duchesne, and McClure, 77).

The early church usually met in the homes of the members for worship and instruction. There were no public churches and the synagogues were primarily used for Judaism worship. This is particularly evidenced in the book of acts in instances such as the commemoration of the Lord’s Supper. Christian worship in the early church was also characterized by the singing of hymns, recitation of psalms, prayer, thanksgiving and instruction. However, there is no specific order in which the above followed. The gospel of Luke and the book if revelation contain preserves of some of the hymns used during times of worship by the early church. The worship roles are also different from worship in the Old Testament. The New Testament fails to clearly indicate on who is to officiate hymns, instruction, thanksgiving or any part of the worship, however, the old testament clearly indicates that this was done by the Levites and the priests (Jan Pelikan, 103).

Christian worship in the early middle ages was mostly experienced in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern orthodox and the Anglican churches. These churches practiced what is now referred to as traditional forms of worship that are mainly characterized by liturgical services held in great monumental buildings known as cathedrals. The worship services were characterized by what is primarily referred to as the sacramental tradition. The worship services are very formal with each of the aspects of the service designated to particular individuals. The worship services are centered on the vocal thanksgiving, praise, appreciation of the demise and revivification of Christ through the presentation of bread and wine as the Holy Communion. Worship was primarily recognized as taking part in the demise and revivification of Christ. The structure of the services is primarily formal characterized by ordered steps in accordance to a Liturgy mainly depicted by activities such as choral music, prayers, recitations, hymns, the reading of Holy Scripture and instruction by the serving priest. The priests primarily lead the service and offer some variety of instruction or sermon wearing sacred clothing known as vestments (Haarsma and Loren, 89).

The modern church has faced intense evolution because of the effect of time. The church is now over two thousand years old and with this comes a lot of changes. The division of churches into various denominations has led the modern church to concentrate primarily on “winning new souls” as part of the fulfillment of the great commission and in the process adding to their flock. In order to perform this fete, most of these churches have borrowed a lot from the society so as to attract them. There are many churches nowadays that have divided the worship service into the main church and the youth service. The latter is specifically designed to cater for the needs and tastes of the youth. These services are characterized by contemporary aspects of worship that include the inclusion of rock and hip-hop music in the worship services. Language has also evolved in the Christian worship service to include informal ones so as to serve the local community (Stevens, 45).

 

 

Works cited

Duchesne, L, and M L. McClure. Christian Worship: Its Origin and Evolution. a Study of the Latin Liturgy Up to the Time of Charlemagne. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge, 1904. Print.

Haarsma, Deborah B, and Loren D. Haarsma. Origins: Christian Perspectives on Creation, Evolution, and Intelligent Design. Grand Rapids, Mich: Faith Alive Christian Resources, 2011. Print.

Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: The growth of medieval theology (600-1300). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Stevens, James. Worship In The Spirit – Charismatic Worship In The Church of England. New York: Paternoster. 2002. Print.

 

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The Awakening in Comparison to How Stella Got Her Grove Back

Kate Chopin in her novel The Awakening incorporates different themes and issues plaguing an advancing society. The book The Awakening centers on Edna Pontellier who has contrasting views about being a woman in a male dominated world. In addition, her views are regarded as unorthodox in Southern United States where women are viewed as lesser to men. The book attracted condemnation for its boldness in advocating for relegation of duties by the women in their homes in pursuit of personal happiness by women who were mothers or had other responsibilities. However, the book was condemned for its strong description of sexual desires by women in a time when women were not thought of having any feelings and were considered as beings that were for the sole purpose of taking care of family. The Awakening in comparison to the movie How Stella Got Her Groove Back, are identical in that they narrate of how two women are suppressed by society such that they cannot achieve what they crave for because of a prejudiced society (Bassett, 1998). Moreover, How Stella got her Groove Back is a movie about a woman by the name Stella. Stella while on her vacation in Jamaica meets a young man by the name Winston Shakespeare who is 20 years her junior. Despite their 20-year difference in age, they become embedded in a steamy relationship that soon turns into a romantic relationship (Bassett et al, 1998).

Edna Ponteiller is a woman who is held captive by her situation as a mother and a wife in a male chauvinistic society. Edna became involved with a young man with whom she was emotionally attached. The novel is an illustration of the societal injustices against women that were prevalent during that time. This is also identical to Stella’s situation whereby she faces criticism from some of her family members who question her decision to be involved romantically with a younger man. However, Edna’s situation is slightly different from Stella’s because of the different times. In Edna’s time, women were treated as outcasts for having love relationships with young men. Edna seems to have a desire to relive her youth with Robert as they become intimate. Robert is romantic in comparison to her husband who is on frequent business meeting thus lacks time to give love and affection to his wife (Chopin & Culley, 1976).

The book Awakening and the movie How Stella Got her Groove Back both have dominant themes of sexuality. In the Awakening, Edna is portrayed as a sexual being when she becomes sexually involved with Arobin. Stella is also portrayed as a sexual being because she seems at first to be intent on fulfilling sexual desires of Winston and her own as well. Both Stella and Edna try to juggle their responsibilities as mothers and their sexual or physical needs as women, which seem not to be satisfied. As for Edna, she might be referred to as promiscuous because she is already married yet she does not respect her union with her husband and has relations with Robert and Arobin. Arobin considers his relationship with Edna as a fling with no consequence whatsoever (Chopin & Culley, 1976). Stella and Edna both have a right to happiness and thus they are put in bad light by society because they are in pursuit of love that has been elusive.

Despite the prejudices in society against women courting younger men, they defy the odds to achieve the happiness they long for in a happy relationship that is full of love. The book also brings forth the question why does Edna receive condemnation. for being involved with Robert whereas Robert is not put in bad light but is considered as a successful  because he manages to win Edna’s attention. This is a clear illustration of society’s bias towards men who conquer hearts of women who are already married or greater in age. In addition, Winston does not receive any criticism for winning the affection of older Stella but instead receives admiration from part of Stella’s family and friends for winning her heart (Bassett et al, 1998).

After Edna fails to have Robert in her life because he has fled with no sign of coming back she becomes distressed and suicidal. In the end, she opts to commit suicide because she cannot bear the thought of living her past life and without Robert in her life. In contrast to Edna’s situation, Stella does not opt to commit suicide because she eventually gets married to Winston despite their significant age difference. Despite having doubts about having a relationship with a younger man, she stills goes on to have an intimate relationship.

In conclusion, the differences in time are a clear illustration of the views of people about unions between two people of with varying ages. Women are regarded as outcasts yet men are considered as conquerors of the heart when they court a significantly younger woman. In Edna’s time, it was socially acceptable for older men to court younger women. Yet Edna’s actions received condemnation from people in her community who called her as promiscuous. 

References

Bassett, A., Diggs, T., Goldberg, W., & Twentieth Century Fox Home Video (Firm). (1998). How Stella got her groove back. Beverly Hills, California: Twentieth Century Fox.

Chopin, K., & Culley, M. (1976). The awakening. New York: Norton.

 

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Introduction

Tchaikovsky Symphony 4 in F minor was composed 1877-1878 and has four musical movements including andante sostenuto in F Minot, andantino in B flat major, Allegro in F major, and Finale done in Allegro F major. The first movement of the symphony is characterized by horns and bassoons used in generating loud A-flat octave unison. Woodwinds and trumpets played in higher A-flat follow the descending line generated by low brass and bassoon. As the first movement progresses into syncopated chords played slowly, Tchaikovsky uses his instruments to play a musical piece that depicts lightning bolts, which include two fortissimo chords played shortly, with long silence following each chords. As the musical piece fades away, woodwinds are incorporated in the main melody using Moderato con anima strings, characterized by rapid development of the melody. A-flat is also observed in the first movement that resulted for approximately twenty minutes. The introduction of the second movement is marked by sad melody of oboe. Pizzicato strings, and later woodwinds and oboe mark the third movement. In addition, brass instruments are introduced to play a quiet staccato. The third movement is notable by three classes of instruments including brass, woodwinds and strings. It is apparent that the performance did not entail percussion during this movement, the end of the movement is marked with pizzicato strings.

There are numerous instruments deployed during the performance including two flutes, two horns, two trumpets, three trombones, two oboes, two bassoons, a piccolo, a bass drum, triangle, tuba, strings and timpani. The composition of the fourth symphony denotes the struggles that Tchaikovsky had with the western sonata form. The Romantics were not naturally symphonists because they perceived music as suggestive and biographical. The western sonata form was mainly created by German composers, and was mostly analytical and architectural, implying that they could not effectively deal with the personal emotions, which was the focus of the Romantics. The fourth symphony depicted his human document because of it is autobiographical and dramatic in nature. In the video, emotional urgency of the composer is widely depicted because of the unparalleled melody flow. The performer managed to exhibit superb skills of flutiness, which were almost similar to the authentic performance of the symphony. The integration of emotional urgency and an extremely charged melody played an integral role in precluding musical development because of melody completeness and the fact that the emotional content of the melody was in full blossom. The performer managed to bring out all the emotional content and musical interest that the symphony could bear. All the latent possibilities associated with musical development were depicted in the video including harmonic, melodic and rhythmic contradictions. Despite the structural challenges associated with the composition, the video managed to deliver a superb performance of the piece.

Challenges associated with symphonic hybrid of the composition are apparent in the video. This is because the original composition integrated instrumental colors with mostly orchestral piece embedded with emotions. The outcome of the musical piece was a symphonic piece, which was a combination of mainly architectural nature of the symphony with the mostly poetic nature of the symphony. The hybrid form permitted Tchaikovsky to adopt a structure that comprised of a sequence of self-contained sections characterized by musical contradictions. Despite the violent contrast, the video managed to deliver a consequent drama, creating a perception that the symphony was played in one movement, yet the composition actually has four movements. However, the challenge of inertia was evident in the video because of the changes in musical signature keys yet the music was fundamentally repeating itself. The video was purely a western form of musical architecture, whereas Tchaikovsky symphony 4 is more than that. The original composition is characterized by an indivisible whole since melody, rhythm, tonality and orchestral timbres harmonize each other. For instance, the first movement is characterized by a high rhythmic theme from the brass. The structural orientation of the first movement comprises of complete sequences of rotating thirds that rotate from F towards A-flat, B D, and then back towards F. The Brass theme plays an integral role in defining the stages of the musical structure.

A striking feature of the video is that it used mostly rhythm, orchestral color and musical texture to intensify drama during its performance. In addition, the finale movement of the piece managed to successfully round off the symphonic circle of the performance to achieve a cohesive whole. I liked the piece better after watching the video and found the video helpful in listening outside the piece more. This is because the performance in the video had minimal structural challenges that are inherent in the original composition. The video managed to deliver a stunning performance characterized by a unison of the four movements to appear like they were a single movement. This was a significant strength of the video since it used the musical form of western sonata, and managed to express the emotional content of the piece

 

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Organizational Communication Systems and Technology

            There are diverse communication systems in an organization. They include images, speech, writing and audible signals (Papa et al, 2008, p. 20). Our organization uses the speech, writings and images type of communication systems. There are the internal and external systems, which are further divided into the formal and the informal types. The most used system is the written communication. This comes in both hard and soft copies. Hard copies include magazines, notice boards, memos, letters and reports, amongst others. Soft copies include email messages, mobile phone text messages and the internet such as the organization’s website.

The speech is under oral communication, which is under the informal communication category. This type of system is done directly to the recipients. For example, it is used during meetings and presentations, amongst others. The images are used in both informal and formal situations. For example, documentaries are aired during meetings in order to bring forth a particular concept or show a particular progress. Images through PowerPoint are also shown during presentations in order to enforce a particular idea (Zaremba, 2010; p.35).

Computers, mobile phones and the internet technologies have played a positive and a negative impact on the systems. For example, communication is more effective and efficient with the use of these technologies. On the contrary, it is more expensive as there must be availability of these technologies and the operating skills for the information to be passed. Some are expensive.

References

Papa, M. J., Daniels, T. D., Spiker, B. K., & Daniels, T. D. (2008). Organizational communication: Perspectives and trends. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

Zaremba, A. J. (2010). Organizational Communication. New York: OxfordUniversity Press

Communication without Human Intervention

            Communication can take place without the intervention of the humans. This has been made possible by the availability of technologies. Most organizations have used the computers for this type of communication to take place. Computers are programmed to pass information automatically to other computers without the intervention of anybody (Stallings, 2000; p.5). Organizations use this when doing both the internal communication and the external communications. For example, the available services in an organization might constantly flash on a screen inside or outside the organization’s building. This flashing is usually not operated by anybody but rather a computer was programmed to pass the information through the screen, which acts as a monitor.

The organization’s transactions, which come in form of purchase orders or invoices, are communicated through electronic transmissions (Unitechedi, 2012). The transactions are automatically taken in by the computerized system as soon as they take place and then they are fed to another system that is viewed by the appropriate people.

However, there are places where the human intervention is needed. For example, the transactions might be sort out before they are handed over to the responsible management. The annual statements must be reconciled before they are communicated to the shareholders. These long processes require the intervention of the humans. This is because most, if not all of the systems have not been programmed to finish off these final details.

References

Stallings, W. (2000). Data and computer communications. UpperSaddleRiver, N.J: Prentice Hall.

Unitechedi (2012). A guide to EDI for Publishers. Retrieved from http://www.unitechedi.com/guide.htm

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General Motors and Mercedes Benz attempt to address corporate social responsibility through Eco friendly vehicle production

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Corporate Social Responsibility

Introduction

This paper attempts to highlight on how multinational firms in the motor vehicle industry address corporate social responsibility in their home countries as well as abroad. For purposes of this research, I selected General Motors Company in the United States and German based Mercedes Benz Company, and both companies address on Eco friendly vehicles as corporate social responsibility. The motor vehicle industry is an important representation of the global economic activity with extensive backward and forward links to diverse sectors and industries. This industry has led to significant progress in monetary, fiscal, and regulatory fields, having a direct influence on operations in these sectors (Hiraoka, 2001). Ultimately, this impact has created numerous business and employment opportunities through eased external market access.

General Motors Company is considered the largest vehicle manufacturer in the world employing up to 320, 000 employees. The company’s manufacturing operations extend through thirty two global countries, and its products are sold in over two hundred countries. General Motors Company was established in 1908 Flint, Michigan as a holding company. Over the years, the company gradually expanded and eventually managed to top annual sales for seventy seven consecutive years running from 1930 to 2006 (Pelfrey, 2006). However, the company was dethroned from this slot by Toyota Company from 2007 to 2011. However, the company has an aim of regaining its foothold as the leading automaker in 2012.

The Mercedes Benz Company is a wholly owned corporation established in 1871 by Benz and Cie. The first vehicles to bear the Company’s brand name were manufactured in 1926 following an amalgamation between Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. The Mercedes Benz Company is renowned for its lavish and prestigious vehicles. More so, the company can be credited as to possess the most established and well known brand on a global front, and is the oldest existing automotive manufacturer in the world today (Adler, 2010).

General Motors

General Motors has attempted practice corporate social responsibility by addressing the Eco friendly vehicle issue. The company is deemed the leading user of renewable energy in its operations in the automotive industry (Rudman, 2008). General Motors has done this by publishing its operations regarding environment maintenance through the website to inform the public. In the year 2008, the company committed over half of its engineering plants to operate in a land free manner. In order to achieve this feat, waste from production is either re used or recycled in the manufacturing processes (Pelfrey, 2006). In the same year, operations oversaw the company’s German plant establish a solar power installation, the largest in the world. In 2010, General Motor Company invested eight million dollars on solar panel Sunlogics. This was a means of installing solar panels on facilities in American Plants to implement a renewable and environmentally friendly source of energy.

More so, General Motors Company has for a long time researched on manufacturing vehicles implementing an alternative technology. This eventually led to the company to consider manufacturing ethanol burning vehicles, flexible fuel vehicles, and automobiles capable of running on ethanol or gasoline. The company was the first to implement the use of turbochargers in its vehicles as means of being eco friendly back in 1960 as the company first attempted corporate social responsibility measures. On the fall of May 2004, General Motors Company manufactured the world’s first model of a full sized hybrid pickup as means of showcasing environmentally friendly technology. This hybrid model utilized energy from electricity for propulsion, but was prototype (Pelfrey, 2006). In 2010, the company went further to produce the Chevrolet Volt which also relied on electricity for propulsion but had backup gasoline generators. This model was made available in United States and other European Countries such as Germany late in 2010.

With regard to electric vehicles, General Motor was the first company to produce an automobile dependent on electricity. In 1990, General Motors managed to top the Los Angeles Auto Show in the United States through its “impact” car model (Rudman, 2008). This was the first car in the United States to record zero emissions for three decades. This vehicle model received massive aplomb for the company’s efforts to address corporate social responsibility. The impact model was eventually replaced by the company’s model of the EV1 model in 1996. In this case however, vehicles were rather leased to customers than being sold. However, several controversies led to the company recalling all EV1s and later on destroyed them, while others were donated to museums (Pelfrey, 2006).

In addition, General Motors has endeavored to research on developing automobiles powered by hydrogen. According to the company’s management, this model was to be released in late 2011. These vehicles are intended to be first released in Germany which is a country deemed with good reception with these kinds of vehicles. The economic feasibility lying behind this strategy is low cost of production behind hydrogen fuel, and the eco friendly benefits accompanying it (Rudman, 2008).

Mercedes Benz

As for Mercedes Benz Company in Germany, the corporation has recently engaged in the production of flexible fuel vehicles as a means of adhering to eco friendly vehicle manufacturing. These vehicles can either operate on gasoline or E85 ethanol. Mercedes Benz models with these capabilities were first debuted in Germany and received good reception and encouragement (Hybrid and Eco Friendly Vehicles Conference, 2008). This was later followed by production being directed to the United States to cater for the growing demand. This demand was a result of the company educating its customers through the website concerning benefits of driving Eco friendly vehicle. In addition, the company also endeavors to badge and tag Mercedes Benz models which are eco friendly. This is a means of reminding the public of the capabilities and benefits of E85 models.

In addition, Mercedes Benz has had significant share of Vehicle models with FlexFuel capabilities in the United States Roads. As of 2009, Mercedes Benz had offered twenty FlexFuel ethanol based truck models in the United States and more than one million FlexFuel models. The main goal of the company is to contribute half of their vehicle production capable of exhibiting biodiesel and E85 qualities by the end of the year 2012. In addition, the Mercedes Benz Company has also gone on to be socially responsible by cars with alternative eco friendly propulsion methods. These include fully electric models, hybrid electric as well as fuel cell power trains. At the Frankfurt motor show in 2007, the company introduced seven hybrid vehicles propelled by a hybrid electric drive train (Hybrid and Eco Friendly Vehicles Conference, 2008). This engine is capable of relying on electricity only with zero emission. This has been touted as a positive means of addressing current concerns relating to eco friendly means of industrial operations.

In 2008, the Mercedes Benz Company asserted that front a demonstration with a fleet of electric cars in the near future to raise awareness on environmental friendly vehicles. In addition, the company together with Smart have willingly prepared to uptake electrical vehicle production in Germany followed by widespread distribution in Europe and United States (Hybrid and Eco Friendly Vehicles Conference, 2008). They have already begun the establishment of recharging stations across dealing networks. Currently, twenty recharging stations have already been established in Germany. Further installation has been planned along the United Sates and Europe.

In the United States, the Mercedes Benz Company was behind a record thirty million dollar decision for meeting the economy’s standard on average fuel. More so, the company has introduced newer models of the AMG fitted with engines conscious of poisonous emissions and improved to adhere to new standards set in the German fuel economy. Since 2002, Mercedes Benz Company has been developing vehicle models with F-cell fuel qualities. The current version of this model is only available for lease and mass production has been scheduled in 2013. In 2009, the Mercedes Benz Blue Hybrid was launched. This was the first vehicle in the world to rely on lithium-ion batteries as the company attempted to be adhere to global corporate citizenship ideals.. Mercedes Benz went on to produce 100 of these models in 2010 and had budgeted for a further production of a thousand in 2011.

Conclusion and Recommendation

            In my opinion, I think General Motors Company has undertaken sufficient strategies to address issues on corporate social responsibility and Eco friendly vehicle production. I would therefore grade the company with a B. Reasons are that the company came up with a good idea of electric cars but had not undertaken sufficient research so that project backfired. Judging by the success of its opponent, I would recommend that the management undertake sufficient research concerning electric vehicles and eco friendly production to foster a successful model.

On the other hand, I would grade the Mercedes Benz Company with a B+ for its commendable efforts to become socially responsible. In addition, I also commend the company on its move to scrap vehicles with high CO2 production from its sales and its efforts of educating the public. I would recommend the company to attempt to expand its Eco friendly vehicle models beyond the Germany and the United Sates. This would help achieve brand recognition as well as addressing environmentally friendly social responsibility on a global front.

 

Reference

Adler, D. (2010). Daimler & Benz, the complete history: The birth and evolution of the Mercedes-Benz. New York: Collins.

Hiraoka, L. S. (2001). Global alliances in the motor vehicle industry. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books.

Hybrid and Eco Friendly Vehicles Conference 2008, HEVC 2008. (2008). Hybrid & Eco Friendly Vehicles Conference 2008 (HEVC 2008). Iet Conference Publications.

Pelfrey, W. (2006). Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The story of two unique men, a legendary company, and a remarkable time in American history. New York: AMACOM.

Rudman, M. (2008). Eco-friendly vehicles. Enterprise Risk, 2, 5, 14-15.

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Comparison and Contrast of Characters

            In the tragic play, “Medea” the main character Medea goes through many tragedies in life, where she is neglected by the one she made sacrifices for and loved. Medea is driven by a passion and love for her husband, and does many things including killing her own brother to have him free. She was betrayed by her husband, Jason, who went ahead to marry another women. The play focuses on her quest to seek vengeance on her husband that portrays her for what she is. On the other hand, Dido is in similar situation, though her reaction is different from Medea, where she ends up committing suicide. She is also faced by betrayal after she is in love with her husband who betrays her. The two women have similar character traits as well as differences in terms of how they choose to deal with their problems.

Some of their characters that are similar include love. Medea so many atrocities in order to have her husband by her side. She loved him more than he loved her. The narrator says that she only came to Greece to follow Jason. She has done too much for Jason, including helping him win the Golden Fleece. This is showed when she is lamenting, saying she cheated her father, tamed the fire-breathing bull, saved his life from danger, killed for him amongst other thing, and finally says her intelligence and wisdom has only served him. Dido is a similar situation where she loves her Aeneas so much that she ends up committing suicide. When Aeneas comes after they are blown to the shore, Dido takes care of him and opens her heart to him despite knowing her words will bring shame to her. When Aeneeas decides to leave back for Italy, Dido does everything in her power to convince him to stay. However, Aeneas says it is not his will but the will of the gods.

Both of these women are quite knowledgeable and clever. Medea manages to trick people using her wisdom and knowledge. All she does is well calculated, and nothing has she planned to do and failed. She is bright enough to trick her father, as well as Jason so that the children could be allowed into the palace. This way she could be in a position to fulfill her revenge. In addition, she uses her knowledge to trick the daughters of the rival king Pelias into killing him. On the other hand, Dido is a bright intelligent woman, who is the queen of Carthage, which she rules with great intelligence. She is able to maintain her focus on ruling the city with wisdom.

Medea is revealed as a woman full of revenge when she plots killing her husband for betraying her. When she first plans to kill her husband, she then realizes that this will not make him feel the same pain as she did. She decides to kill the woman he married and her father. However, she manages to kill Glauce and Creon through poisoning them with magic fire where they suffer a great deal before they die. Realizing this is not enough to make Jason learn his lesson; she decides to kill their two sons. She kills them with a sword in the house, and flees together with the two dead boys in a dragon chariot just before Jason could even tough the boys. She is finally able to get her revenge. On the other hand, Dido takes a different cause from Medea, where she chooses to commit suicide because she could not bear the thought of being left by the man she loved. As Aeneas is leaving, she only curses him as she goes ahead to impale herself on his sword before she dies.

In each of the stories, there is a man who these women are attached to so closely by love that drives them to do the unimaginable. Medea does everything for Jason, her husband who then betrays her. On the other hand, Dido commits suicide because of the strong love she had for Aeneas, who could not stay back to love her, and had to go back to Italy. These men do not give much concern to what the women who love them feel, and go ahead with their personal issues without stopping for a moment to consider their feelings.

Jason and Aeneas also have their similarities and differences shown in their different roles they take. Both Jason and Aeneas are ambitious and will do just anything for honor and fame. Jason uses Medea to gain everything he has gained including the Golden Fleece. Aeneas also loves honor as Dido says that she loves a man who loves fame than a woman. In addition, he leaves for Italy despite Dido’s plea. Both of these men have little value for the love they are given by their women, who love them more than anything else does.

Despite having same characteristics, they have different ways of doing things as well as reasons. Jason does everything just for self-gain, where he uses Medea to gain tittles and even to eliminate his enemies. He goes ahead to marry the princess for his own self-gain. On the other hand, Aeneas does this because of his title, and because the gods are telling him to do so. He is loyal to his people, and follows the destiny chosen for him by the gods. This brings out another difference between the two men, where Aeneas does this not out of will but because of prophecy and destiny chosen for him, while Jason chooses his own destiny out of his own selfish interests.

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Recruitment policy

For an effective recruitment policy, the company should first be able to describe each particular job vacancy. Job analysis provides details about the tasks that must be completed in an organization. Additionally, it describes the types of skills individual to fill these position are required to have. Materials and equipment used, duties and responsibilities, and so on are defined under job analysis. Once the necessary employee characteristics and requirements are known, recruitment policy can be developed. This now stipulates a procedure that should be followed to attract applications from the most qualified individuals in a specific vacancy. Job vacancy can be filled either from internal sources or externally.

The first step in external recruitment is advertisement. Advertisement can be placed in newspapers, via Blue Gum website, trade magazines, communication through other employee, and employment agencies. Internally, jobs can be advertised via memos, intranet and bulletin board. The good thing about external recruitment is that it brings in fresh ideas in the company that can reduce cost in the long-run. Advertisement stage provides an opportunity to let potential candidates know why they should work in the company. Image advertising combined with message prompts like show your designing aptitude, can specifically target certain group. The second step is to have some earlier contact with the potential candidates. For instance, giving them a telephone call helps to ensure the best candidates are retained for the selection process and to test communication skills. Finally, give them technical test prior to recruitments. Step two and three are important to ensure consistency across departments.

Selection Policy

This cascades from above as an approach of choosing from a pool of the most appropriate candidates. It includes the process from the point a recruiter starts to screen the applicant until the final hiring decision is made. It involves filling of the application materials by applicants. These provides applicant background information like experience. They can be in form of resume or just brief summary. Then an interview is carried out. Some tips that Blue Gum should observe include avoiding the use of stereotypes and need to emphasize questions that are results oriented. This is seeking more information about the outcome of applicants’ actions. Interviewee should then receive aptitude tests and personality tests that determine flexibility and sociability. Recruiter engages in an intense investigation to determine the background of an interviewee. Based on the information gathered the decision to hire an applicant or not to is made.

Induction policy

Having recruited an employee the next step is to socialize them with the new environment. This includes introduction to other employees in the company and also to the specific department that they are going to work in. introduction to the firm’s mission, vision, core values and policies is done to make them understand the organization culture. In Blue Gum an informal approach in orientation is the best approach because the work set up demands interaction with other employees. Additionally, it would take a shorter period for a new employee to feel at ease in an informal approach. This stage can also help to give more information to a new employee about job requirements that can create confidence in them.

Job application form

A typical job application form for the company may look as follows.

 

First Name		Middle Name		Last Name		Gender	Male
							Female
Level of education		Highest		Short Term Courses			Mobile No.
		Lowest					Email No.
Why do you think you are the best person for this opportunity?
What are you achievements in you previous assignment?
How soon are you available

 

How will formal recruitment, selection and induction policies assist Blue Gum in achieving its strategy of HR consistency across all the stores?

Recruitment process ensures that only the best candidates are attracted in the process of staffing. Then by screening applications and hiring the best out of the pool it ensures that the company makes the best decision. Induction policies will help in providing information about the company to new employees. Generally Blue Gum will follow similar steps in the recruitment, selection and induction, accordingly, there is going to be consistency in the types of employee attracted to fill various stores.

Why is it important that senior management and store managers support and endorse the new policies? How will you convince them if they don’t support them?

These are the executive arms of an organization. Consequently, they have the legitimate powers that are given to them by organizations in order to control its direction. Additionally, they may also have a lot of control over recruitment process. As managers they make key decisions about the company such as promotion, and whom to hire and fire. In most case cases in the absence of HR management they act with personal interests and biases.

To influence this form of power and make these executives accept HR management policies proposed. Exchange of information about why best practices are going to benefit the company as well as mangers is important. For instance, one such benefit include the fact that best practice in recruitment and hiring is likely to attract best employees who will help to improve productivity of the company. As a result, this will increase profitability and help to meet the 10% target. Additionally, effective recruitment and selection process will help to minimize unnecessary cost associated with the process. It attracts only the targeted group of candidates that cuts costs of interviewing a large number. Moreover, those hired are people interested and having capability to do a particular job. Therefore, the company wouldn’t incur unnecessary cost that would be the case otherwise.

Future human resource needs

Human resource planning is used to determine the future needs of a company human resource. A SWOT analysis reviews the gaps that will need to be filled in order to realize the company mission successfully. It shows the external strengths that the company has in terms of skills to achieve the expansion strategy. Additionally, it reveals departmental abilities. An assessment of the current workforce skills indicates the abilities they have. This will involve the HR department because it keeps all records of employees. Sources of external sources of workers will also need to be reviewed. The public relation and CSR department can give information in this regard.

Importance of Job Description

Job description helps a company to deal with legal requirements. It helps to avert risks like accusations of unfairness or discrimination.

Job Description for Retail Sales Manager

Tasks that must be done

• Handling client needs through the internet and phone
• Attending exhibitions and trade fairs

Workers characteristics

• Good communicator
• Must be neat and tidy

Advertisement for full-time store manger

Requirements

• Excellent team player
• Conversant with Occupational Health & Safety policy.

Tasks and Responsibilities

• Maintain safety of equipment and people using the store
• To display Blue Gum Clothing Occupational Health & Safety policy in a visible place.

Website over Newspaper

Online advertisements convey the message in real time as compared to periodical newspaper. Second, online advertisement covers wider area.

Specialist that can help David

David can consult advertisements agencies.

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Management concept relate to films

The film chosen is Crimson Tide. The movie entails two military leaders who conflict about leadership during war or battle. They have different backgrounds and this is what causes the differences. Captain Frank Ramsey is the overall commander of a submarine. He is old in this job and almost retiring. On the other hand is Lieutenant commander Ron Hunter. He is a young graduate from HarvardUniversity, with different philosophies. Captain Ramsey leads his troupe with bravery. He believes their responsibility is to preserve democracy and not practicing it. Hunter principle is military in the nuclear age should target prevention of war. The troupe sets out for a mission of destroying nuclear weapons in Russia, after a fanatic threatens to attack USA.
On their way, they receive a message that there is a Russian group, which is planning to attack the American ship. The ship is ordered to fire but when they are about to receive further instructions, the radio call breaks down. At this state, there is confusion whether to proceed with the strike or not. Ramsey is convinced they should go ahead because they had been ordered to strike. Hunter feels they should not do it because they do not have they rest of the instructions. Both are determined to enforce what they believe and feel and they do it at all costs. The two management concepts revealed in this movie is communication and leadership.
These are very important concepts in management and they highly determine success. Communication involves conveying a message from one person to another. It could be conveyed in many ways, either verbally or not verbally. There should be a sender, message and the receiver. The two parties communicating are required to have a common topic. Communication is said to be complete only when the receivers gets the right message. Sometimes the receiver may get the message but understand it differently. It will be considered that no communication took place.
When the superiors from the military base were giving instruction, they did not finish. This made Captain Ramsey to conclude that they should fire. This cannot be considered as communication. The message was not fully conveyed. Communication barriers include perception, filtering and language barrier. The way people perceive things may cause problems in communication. Leaders should understand that their subjects might have different interpretation on their actions or gestures. They should clarify what is necessary to avoid confusion. Messages may be filtered or not delivered at all. Filtering alters the original message hence it is a barrier.
If a different language is used and the receiver does not understand it, he or she will not receive the message. Sometimes people undermine the impact of non-verbal communication. It involves symbols, sign language or any other way of communicating non-verbally. There is a lot of non-verbal communication in this movie. The conflict between Ramsey and Hunter brings rise to a lot of non-verbal communication. For example, Ramsey considers Hunter to be an obstacle to carrying out the strike. He arranges how Hunter will be locked up.
This act is a message to Hunter that Ramsey is ready to do everything possible, to carry out the order. Hunter had planned to implement mutiny in return. Mutiny is causing resistance to lawful order. Therefore, Hunter was planning to disregard the order until the superiors give further instructions. Lack of good communication can cause insubordination and confusion in administration. Rules, policies and instructions should be clearly laid out to avoid confusion. In the movie, the conflict was caused by lack of clear instructions.
It is apparent that if there was no communication barrier and they receive instructions, there would not have been disagreements. For communication to take place there should be an understanding between the parties involved. The two leaders, Ramsey and Hunter could not come to an agreement on which action to take. They were affected by a communication barrier called “ourselves”. This means that people concentrate on themselves more than the other party does. The attitude of superiority and ego is also a problem between the two people. They both feel they know the best and their decision are the right ones. Another communication barrier is their background.
Ramsey argues he is more experienced in this field and his decisions should not be challenged. Especially, not by a person as young and knew as Hunter. Hunter’s reasons were based on scholarly foundation because it dealt with facts and not opinion. The most important thing about communication is the sender to send message and the receiver to understand as it should. The two barriers are psychological and they should be eliminated by leaders. It does not matter how good each individual is. They should cooperate and be exemplary to the rest of the troupe. The only physical barrier was the spoilt radio call.
If the psychological barriers can be eliminated then there would have been no arguments on decisions. There is a big problem of communication between these two leaders and it needs to be addressed. As a military troop, poor communication is very dangerous. It can lead to huge losses. It is respected that Ramsey was the overall commander but he should respect the opinion of his assistant. If they do not have a common stand, then they should discuss and get a solution. Communication issues easily affect management because the rest of the members become confused.
For instance, when Ramsey and Hunter confronted each other in front of their subjects, it was a wrong portrait. Subjects felt they did not have competent leaders because they could not work together. Hunter’s threat of mutiny shows great insubordination. Such actions are contributors of failure leads to failure. Leadership is the major concept of management in this movie. Leadership is directing people to achieve certain goals. Unfortunately, this is not the case in this movie. The leadership depicted by the commanders, show that they are not good at it.
They portray a disrespectful personality and they do not care what their subjects will think of them. The two commanders show various weaknesses in their leadership style. They seem to out do each other, a character that is not supposed to be in a leader. Leaders are considered as servants of their subjects because they should lead them in the right way. Ramsey and Hunter seem to be doing contrary, thus confusing their subjects. Leaders should have qualities that will command respect from their subjects. They should be exemplary so that their subjects will follow suit. It is important for them to have emotional intelligence.
They should have controlled their emotions and thought about their actions. Integrity was required in this situation. People of integrity are trustworthy because they never deviate from their values. In such a military setting, a commander should have self-confidence. The commander should believe in his ability to lead the others in achieving objectives. It is a basic requirement for the commanders to be intelligent. Sometimes they have to make a decision within a very short time and with little information. They must know what to do in every situation. If they are in a dilemma, they are supposed to use advice from their assistants or other advisors.

Unlike in the movie, Ramsey and Hunter could not consult each other. They greatly competed, yet they were leaders of the same ship. They needed to develop a spirit of cooperation in their team. It is the responsibility of the leader to show the team how to work together by being a team player. Ramsey should have shown Hunter how to cooperate with him and they get a common idea of what to Elucidating and comprehending the characters of excellent leadership is most likely easier than practicing it. Good leadership demands profound human qualities, which surpass usual ideas of authority. In the current time, fine leaders are an influential power, assisting people and organizations to achieve and grow. The customary perception of a leader seen as the directing person at the top of management is currently a very wrong image of what proper leadership must be. Successful leadership does not need immense technical or intellectual ability. These attributes may be helpful, but they are not essential.
Good leadership in the recent age more significantly needs attitudes and behaviors, which depict and relate to humanity. Numerous capabilities in life are acquired skills, information, then using them in a dependable manner. Leadership is quite diverse and asks for emotional strengths and behavioral personality. It can be tapped from a leader’s immense psychological and religious reserves. The leadership position is an unavoidable expression of people’s desires and problems in current life. Leadership is therefore an insightful concept, with increased difficult implications. All these are influenced by an increased multifaceted and dynamic world. Leadership and administration are usually seen as similar entities but there is a distinctive difference.
Leadership is also viewed as directing, commanding people and making imperative decisions as a representative of an organization. Efficient leadership is far much more than all these beliefs. It demands dedication, selflessness and commitment. A leader is a hard worker because he or she must show the rest how to work. People must stop thinking that leadership is about being bossy and making people do what the leader wants. There is a very big difference between a boss, manager and a leader. People must take time to understand all these three and evaluate themselves where they belong.
This is an easy method to perceive how leadership is different from management. Management is mainly characterized by processes. Leadership is mainly about conduct. In other words, management depends intensely on concrete quantifiable capabilities. They include proper planning, making use of managerial systems, and utilizing suitable communications methods. Leadership incorporates many managerial skills, but only as a derivative or backdrop role of true leadership. Leadership mainly is determined by less substantial and less quantifiable things like trust, integrity, positive attitude, good decision maker, and individual personality. They are neither procedures nor skills. Neither are they outcome of practice. They are significant components of humanity, and are made possible mostly by the leader’s personality. This mostly is contributed by hi or her reserve of emotions. Another way to compare leadership to administration is leadership does not significantly rely on the methods of management and procedures a leader uses. Leadership mostly is determined by the mode where the leader uses administration ways and procedures. The management should try to use leadership method than being managers.
It will enable them to be more effective and successful. The commanders in the movie surely have a lot to learn for them to become good and effective leaders. They should also try to improve their communication skills. This can be done by empathy. A sender should check whether the receiver will get the message, as it should be. The sender can repeat the points to ensure the receiver will understand. The sender should know the right time to send. It should be when the receiver has less distraction. The words should be clear and easy to comprehend.
When anyone is receiving messages, he or she should be an active listener. Listen as long as possible and evaluate. Ensure less interruption or none. Have interest in the topic being communicated to maintain concentration. Leadership is faced with many challenges but a good leader will always get ways of subduing them. The focus should always be directing other members in achieving the set goals.

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