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Portrayal of Women in Shakespeare’s Comedies

Question four

Literature is denoted as the mirror of the society. With this regard, the writers mainly tend to narrate their interpretations of the society they are living in. Shakespeare is no different from other artists since he mirrors the issues and lifestyles depicting his world in his works of art. With time, comes change in all aspects of life. Over the years, cultures, environments and even language have experienced great changes. Similarly, the women folk of the Elizabethan times have changed a lot when contrasted to ordinary modern women. The female leads in comedy seem to be very different from ordinary women in today’s society especially in the developed nations.

The female leads in Shakespeare’s comedies are portrayed as being manipulated in contrast to the women in the modern society. The women folk in the modern society have been completely revolutionized. The women have taken up lead roles that have been previously left for the preserve of men. It can be seen even in the modern families where the bills are now being split between the husband and the wife, the provision of education to the girl child has specifically played a major role in this revolution. This has led to women qualifying in the corporate market and it now normal to see women in managerial positions and even sitting at interviews interviewing and assessing potential candidates (Shakespeare, Stephen, and Andrew, 2008).

This is very different from the women in the Elizabethan society as portrayed by Shakespeare. It is expected that having an unmarried woman at the throne of Elizabethan England would ensure more rights and privileges from the womenfolk. On the contrary, this is not the case. From his works, we find that the women in the society were not in any way regarded as equals but rather seen as inferior people who needed to be taken care of by men. However, there lies a dim similarity with some of the women in Shakespeare world who seem to enjoy a greater degree of autonomy and power in contrast with a patriarchal society. This highlights a contrasting image of the portrayal of women in the Elizabethan times. There is the conception of women empowerment depicted by those who seem to be strong and independent while there are the rest who are inferior and submissive. The character traits of both however, seem to be developed by theme or plot rather than the qualities of the leads themselves (Shakespeare, Stephen, and Andrew, 2008).

The way Shakespeare portrays the women in his comedies is a strong indication of both how he perceives them and how the men of the Elizabethan society perceived them. The women are portrayed as having limited freedom in comparison to the male characters. Although there are a few of the women who tend to dominate their husbands in manipulating them, their schemes always end up in futility indicating that women in the Elizabethan society are utterly inferior and when given the opportunity to show their leadership skills, all their efforts and plans are in futility. This is evidenced by two of Shakespeare’s tragedies, “Hamlet and Macbeth,” where we see women in some sense of power but their use of this power does not benefit the society in any way. This is a strong difference between women in today’s society, who have used their power and influence to bring changes and benefits to the women who are still oppressed in the society.

The high-born women in the comedies are depicted as “possessions” that can be passed on from the father to the husband. The daughters do not have a say on whom to marry nor do they have the privilege of exploring the world freely. When this is done, it is often in the presence of chaperones. Many of the women in the Elizabethan society are manipulated and coerced to perform the bidding of the men folk. Shakespeare however, portrays the lower class women to have more freedom and also allows them to have the freedom of exploring their sexuality. This is probably because their low-status in society does not seem to pose any harm to the society. Those who seem to have some bit of power are untrustworthy and are always portrayed as having questionable motives or morals. As an example, we find Gertrude in Hamlet who decides to get married to the murderous brother to her husband and also find Lady Macbeth manipulating her husband to commit murder to acquire the throne. The end of their scheming lives mostly ends in death. Their efforts are of course fruitless therefore questioning their ability to lead uprightly.

By closely examining the texts, it can be interpreted that this may not be necessarily the case. In most of Shakespeare’s works, appearances can tend to be deceiving. There are instances where the behavior exhibited is a façade and is simply a means to an end. The facial expressions are a simply a façade to the person’s real feelings. There are those who are conniving enough to use the façade as an acculturated veneer to manipulate the play’s events. The examination of these archetypes indicates that the only difference between them and the modern woman is their cunningness in using humility and submissiveness as deceptions for achieving a greater end.

In Shakespeare’s play, “Hamlet”, we find Hamlet who is submissive to the men in her patriarchal society. She ends up being easily manipulated and seems unable to express her own feelings. She therefore ends up living up to the expectations of the women folk in her life as opposed to her own. She gives in to her father’s demands and proceeds to marry his choice of a suitor. Even in her married life she submits to the will of her husband and dutifully performs his bidding. Were she independent and resistant to the control in her life, she could have possibly ended up with the man of her desire.

We also find Miranda in “The Tempest’” whose voice is utterly silenced in the entire play. She indicates royalty and submission to the men in her patriarchal society. She plays the role of an individual who is only supposed to be seen but never heard. Even though she is royalty in that her father is the king, the male characters disregard this fact and treat her like a commoner who does not have a say. This is reflection of the patriarchal society in which, Shakespeare lived in. Her actions are completely in contrast with ordinary women who fit her stature and in similar circumstances. Women from the royal families contrast with Miranda’s character by far. They exhibit great independence, confidence and whose opinion is always valued. Such women are never likely to be married off to suitors against their wishes but are mostly independent and marry at the time and person of their bidding. Even in Elizabethan times, the then reigning queen, Queen Elizabeth was so independent that she could not share her ruler ship with anybody. She therefore ended up being unmarried all her life since getting married would require to submit to her husband.

Desdemona, in “Othello” takes up the role of a rebellious individual to indicate that such individuals also existed in the Elizabethan society. She refuses to heed to her father’s obligation and instead proceeds to marry Othello against the wishes of her father. However, this dominion in her life was short lived when her husband had to hit her and therefore could not afford protection from him. This also shows that most of the decisions made against the father’s in a patriarchal society always end in dismay.

Shakespeare portrays female characters that seem submissive and easily controlled. They can therefore be given the term dutiful daughters and submissive mothers who offer themselves over to patriarchal repression without complaint. When analyzing the role that Hero plays in Shakespeare’s “Much Ado about Nothing” we find a lady who is completely submissive and controlled by the father Leonato. This is specifically on the issue of finding a suitable suitor. During the second act, we find the father perceiving that Don Pedro is interested with the daughter and may proceed to ask her hand in marriage. He instructs Hero not to decline the Prince’s advance regardless of the difference in age between the two. This indicates the patriarchal aspects of the society because at first the man is one who makes the advances and the tone of the father does not give room for the daughter to give any objections (Shakespeare, Stephen, and Andrew, 2008).

The patriarchal society has suppressed Hero greatly that she is submissive to not only her father but to the rest of the male characters in the play. Hero is easily wooed and does not get the chance to choose her mate. The prince easily flatters her and therefore effortlessly manipulates her into becoming her wife. The same effort is involved in undoing her when she refers to her as her as an adulteress. The prince manipulates her through his nefarious schemes close to the point of death. Even in the presence of the influence of a more liberated Beatrice, Hero never seems to stand up to her self and doesn’t act under her own volition.

In “The taming of the shrew”, we also find Kate who often submits to the patriarchal figure of her father. She has given in to her father’s demands regarding her behavior and courtship. On the other hand, we also find Bianca who submits willfully to the bidding of the patriarchal society. She even states, “[W]hat you will command me will I do/So well I know my duty” (II.i.6-7). Her submission to her father’s demands show a greater contrast to the women in today’s society who would find themselves in similar situations. This is because she offers to stand aside and wait until her sister Kate to be married off first and wait for her turn in line with the demands of her patriarchal society.

The final scene however brings in a contrast to the archetypal characterizations. We find Bianca changing from her submissive nature once she has been married to Lucentio. This seems to spark her into becoming willful and utterly disobedient to the husband and refuses to heed to his summons. We also find Kate fitting well into the wife material as she is dutiful to Petruchio and heeds to his summons. When requested by Petruchio, she heeds and fetches Bianca and instructs her on how to obligate to her wifely duties.

This can be interpreted that the women in the tragedies are mainly portrayed as conniving since they use the submissive masks to accomplish their own ends. Bianca puts on a façade of a dutiful and submissive daughter so that she can end up with husband of means. Once she has attained her ends, she drops the façade to become a pampered and petulant child. Kate’s shrewd and withdrawal nature can be interpreted as her own means of ridding off the disliked suitors. This can be form of ensuring the survival of the fittest in that the one who persists is the ideal mate for her. When Petruchio persists and resolves to marry her, she realizes that this is the ideal suitor and therefore drops the façade to be the loving and caring wife. This is unlike the women of today who would outright detest what they do not want instead of putting up facades (Shakespeare, Stephen, and Andrew, 2008).

Although Shakespeare attempts portray a strong, independent female character in the comedy “As you like it,” there is still the nuance of a patriarchal perception of women being people who cannot be independent and are easily manipulated. This is evidenced by the character of Rosalind who is portrayed as having a sense of independence and control over her life but this is only attained when disguises herself as a male figure.  This shows that being her very self as a woman cannot afford her the success unless she takes up the figure of a man. This further indicates that there are women in the patriarchal societies who have the same potential as the male counterparts but cannot make any accomplishments because they are not afforded the opportunities.

 

Work cited

Shakespeare, William, Stephen J. Greenblatt, and Andrew Gurr. The Norton Shakespeare: Tragedies. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008. Print.

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SAC’s Choice to Purchase New Equipment

SAC is considering a proposed project of increasing the company’s revenue by uplifting its activity. Otherwise, it considers another proposal of purchasing equipment as a means of increasing specialty spark plugs production. This project is expected to raise production up to one hundred thousand plugs. The equipment in question has a life expectancy of five years and cost value of 3,000,000 dollars. The manufacturing cost of each plug is 8 dollars and is aimed to be sold at 20 dollars. Thus, the company will realize an 8 dollar profit upon the sale of each plug. In this case, the objective is to determine whether or not the equipment should be purchased (Harris, 2001).

The criteria I decided to implement are as follows: using the help of techniques in capital budgeting, NPV, IRR, and payback period. The application of these capital budgeting techniques in the course of this decision making, required formulation of cash flows statement. The cash flows of the company are ascertained as follows.

Revenue increment (100,000 x 12)                 1,200,000

Less: depreciation                                           -600,000

Pre tax profits                                                    600,000

Less: taxes (34 percent)                                  204,000

Post tax profits                                    396,000

Add: depreciation                                           600,000

Post tax cash flows                             996,000

Depreciation = 3,000,000/5 = 600,000

Depreciation is a non cash expense and thus is added back to profits after taxes (Harris, 2001).

(i) The payback period is referred to as the time length used when recovering investment cost (Smith, 2003). This period in this case will be calculated in the following means: Payback period is equal to project cost/ cash flows of the entire year. Decisions are based on the time deemed sufficient when recovering investment cost. In this case, the rule of the sooner the better will be applied. However, this approach suffers limitation. Cash flows are not discounted with regard to the current values (Smith, 2003). Nevertheless, calculation of the payback period for the company will be as follows.

Year	Post tax cash flows
0	-3,000,000
1	996,000
2	996,000
3	996,000
4	996,000
5	996,000

Payback period therefore will be calculated as 3,000,000/ 996,000 = 3 years

(ii) Next on will be the calculation of the company’s net present worth (NPW) or net present value (NPV) (Smith, 2003). This refers to the present value total of a time cash flow series. It is a standard method that implements the use of time value in money terms when appraising long terms projects. It also measures shortfall or excess cash flows in present values. This is done in capital budgeting when financial charges have been met. In the case of SAC Company, I calculated its net present value as follows. I discounted the cash flows at the overall cost capital of SAC through the following means:

Weighted average cost capital = (cost of debt x weight of debt) + (cost of equity x weight of equity)                   = 6% x 0.4 (1 – 0.34) + 14% x 0.6

= 8.4% + 1.584%

= 9.984%

Year	Profit Increment	Net profit	Depreciation	(34%) Taxes	Post tax Profits	Post tax cash flows
0						-3,000,000
1	1,200,000	600,000	600,000	204000	396,000	996,000
2	1,200,000	600,000	600,000	204000	396,000	996,000
3	1,200,000	600,000	600,000	204000	396,000	996,000
4	1,200,000	600,000	600,000	204000	396,000	996,000
5	1,200,000	600,000	600,000	204000	396,000	996,000
						3,777,167.40$
					NPV =	777,167.40$
					IRR =	20%

 

IRR- Internal Return Rate, is the rate of discount implemented in capital budgeting. This brings the overall present value of a particular project’s cash flows as equal to zero (Tekavcic, 2003). Primarily, the rate of return of a project is, the more favorable it would be to accept the project. In this case, the internal return rate can be utilized when ranking prospective projects a company could be considering. I assumed all other factors were held constant considering other projects. Therefore, the project with the highest return rate would be considered most appropriate and prioritized most.

Decision

In the case of Sparklin Automotive Company, the net present value exhibits a positive reaction. This implies that the present value of the company’s cash flows is greater than current investment being enforced (Tekavcic, 2003). In addition, the internal rate of return is greater than the total cost of capital. Therefore, I can conclude that this proposed project should be accepted, and the new equipment can be purchased to increase the revenue. With the foregoing decision, the following is my explanation for the sales volume increase on unit fixed costs, total fixed costs, unit variable cost, and total variable cost.

Fixed costs will remain constant in the short period even when there is a variation in the sales period (Harris, 2001). A good example of this scenario includes rent and sales. If changes in capacity occur to provide goods and service, a change in fixed cost will then occur, which is also referred to capacity fixed cost. Another effect of an increase in sales volume on the total fixed cost will be an increase in sales volume, as cost per unit exhibits a decrease (Harris, 2001). Variable costs per single unit will also remain unmoved. This is because the total variable costs have a proportionate variance with sales volume.

Notwithstanding, I will also discuss the effect of increased sales volume on increase in sales price, and the decrease on the overall operating income. This effect will lead to an increase in the volume of sales as well as an increase of the net income. An increase in selling price would also result to an increase in the overall income used for operational activities (Smith, 2003). Finally, increase in sales volume would also have an effect on profit maximization and cost reduction. Thus I can conclude that net income would exhibit an increase if there was a decrease in operational costs.

Recommendation

From my findings, it is in my opinion that Sparklin Automotive Company should employ the proposed project of purchasing the new equipment to increase its spark plug production. This will ensure that overall profit of the company will be increased. Basing my argument on techniques of capital budgeting, I am able to draw the following conclusions. My calculations established the payback period as three years, and the life time of the project is five years. The present net value is positive, and the internal rate of return is greater than the net capital cost. On the other hand basing my argument on the behavior of cost, I managed to come up with the following conclusions. An increase in the volume of sales as well as a decrease in costs will lead to an income increase for any company and that this should be held constant (Smith, 2003). In conclusion, the Sparklin Automotive Company should employ the purchasing of new equipment to increase the production of spark plugs. This would therefore lead to an increase in the company’s net income.

While variable costs have behavior patterns prompting chief concern from the management in Sparklin Automotive Company, they should also address step variable costs in the possible unique savings capable of being presented. Sparklin Automotive Company and any other automotive parts manufacturer will be in need of a long term strategy capable of saving money. This would then attract numerous external companies willing to contract or outsource on the strategy in question. The raw materials required to by the company to manufacture spark plugs can be acquired at low prices when purchased in large masses. Therefore, it should be the mind set of Sparklin Company to shift its focus in particular times of the year when raw materials are cheap (Tekavcic, 2003), and also to meet the fluctuating supply of the spark plugs.

While these kinds of recommendations may appear monumental, the management may seek to initiate them one at a time in a streamlined manner. This strategy will therefore allow the assessment and analysis Sparklin Automotive Company has been seeking to optimize both its output and performance. In my opinion, these kinds of strategies will inspire the company to greater heights, and achieve its goal of maximizing revenues while lowering its expenses. Fortunately, many ways are available to achieve this feat, and Sparklin Company has identified one of them.  
Reference

Harris, E. (2001). Job costing, contract costing & cost bookkeeping. London: Financial Training.

Lewis, R. J. (2005). Activity-based costing for marketing and manufacturing. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books.

Smith, W. A. (2003). Outline of costing: A brief survey of job costing for factories. London: Moore’ Modern Methods.

Tekavcic, M., & Peljhan, D. (January 01, 2003). Activity-based cost management: The European Journal of Management and Public Policy, 2, 1, 49-64

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Eastern European Immigration Patterns to the USA

Immigration to the United States is a complicated demographic consideration that has contributed to cultural change and population growth in the United States. The social, political and economic aspects of this phenomenon have led to controversy regarding economic benefits, employment for non immigrants, ethnicity, voting behavior, and settlement patterns. In the year 2006, the United States had accepted more permanent residence immigrants than all other worldwide countries combined. After immigration ethnic quotas were eliminated, the number of United States immigrants eventually quadrupled. The leading countries contributing to immigration to the United States include India, Mexico, Philippines, China, and Europe. This paper will focus on European Immigration to the United States and the patterns involved (Cohn, 2001).

Beyond half of Europeans immigrating to the United States in the 17^th and 18^th century period arrived as indentured servants (Cohn, 2001). The mid 19^th century witnessed influx from Southern, Northern, and mainly Eastern Europe from Asia and Latin America. Historians suggest that an estimated 400,000 European immigrants used the Atlantic Ocean to access the United States in the 17^th and 18^th centuries. The early years of America witnessed little immigration from Eastern Europe up to only 8,000. However, up to the 20^th century, European immigrants largely increased to thirty million. In the course of their transatlantic voyages, death rates were high with one European immigrant dying in every seven.

Every European migrating into the United States had different reasons. Between the years 1880 and 1915 alone, over thirty five million European natives left their country behind to migrate to the United States (Carlson, 2000). Issues pertaining to political and economic conditions, population growth, industrialization and urbanization degrees, led to this migration. For example, religious and political discontent facilitated migration of Eastern Europeans into the United States between the seventeenth and eighteenth century. This was largely influenced by the renewed Napoleon warfare in Germany. Many people were forced out due to the harsh forest and taxation laws (Carlson, 2000).

From England, emigration due to political reasons was massive in the nineteenth century, and greatly reduced after the introduction of the reform bill. In Germany however, the 1830 revolutionary movement oversaw massive departure of its natives into the United States. At this time, this reaction was as a result of harsh political oppression. In the early nineteenth century, religious discontent in Prussia led to its natives migrating to the United States. The failed attempts of revolutionizing Europe in 1951, especially Germany, ended up in a struggle against monarchial institutions (Carlson, 2000). Ultimately, the following years witnessed an increase in the Eastern European emigration towards America. In the course of this period, political issues after Prussian warfare between Austria and Denmark, and the Alsace Lorraine annexation in the German empire, all facilitated political emigration in the United States.

In addition, the large part of the nineteenth century saw lower class natives in both Germany and Ireland living under continuous starvation. Incompetent governance, pernicious legislation, untapped human resource, ignorance modern production methods, and inadequate means of learning and application all reduced the natives of Eastern Europe to low wage earners. They would eventually immigrate to the United Sates as a means of seeking better livelihood conditions (Carlson, 2000). After the European revolution, a period of peace, prosperity and good harvests followed. This would only translate to rapid increase in population through out the nineteenth century. As a means of easing up on the population, natives migrated from Eastern Europe to the less populated United States.

Currently, the United States has a dream of delivering better lives to its immigrants usually in terms of personal freedom and financial prosperity. However, the government has become stricter when allowing immigrants into the nation to avoid overpopulation and negative effects on the economy.

 

Reference

Carlson, A. W. (January 01, 2000). One century of foreign immigration to the United States: 1880-1979. International Migration (Geneva, Switzerland), 23, 3, 309-34.

Cohn, R. L. (January 01, 2001). A comparative analysis of European immigrant streams to the United States during the early mass migration. Social Science History, 19, 1, 63-89.

 

 

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Discussion post

Yahoo and Google groups are sites that allow communication among its members. The members share common interests and these sites give them a chance to interact. These sites have categories of groups for their members. A new member is assisted to join the one that is suitable for him or her. The groups include animals, business, internet, games, music, education and science among others. The two groups are among the biggest discussion groups online. They use the webpage to send and read messages. Use of emails is also possible to send and receive messages from other group members. Other features, which are provided, are photos, calendar schedules and other announcements. These groups are helped many people to gain a lot of knowledge from other people and sources (Primary research groups, 2011).

Yahoo and Google groups have a relationship with a book called “Blue ocean strategy”. This book talks about how companies can adopt strategies that will eliminate competition. It seems to be a very educative book because no company likes competition from its rival. Companies would appreciate a business environment where they get increased profits from their products. I have discovered a unique relationship between the groups and the book. This book can be helpful to members of these two sites. This mostly applies to the member of Yahoo group, who belong to business and finance category. They can use the book to study about the strategies and discuss it online via their sites. Members who work in companies will learn new ways of dealing with competition. Discuss these strategies in groups is better than reading them as an individual. The areas which will prove difficult for some people, they will receive assistance from those who have no problem comprehending. In addition, the group has diverse people with different kinds of knowledge in business. They will share this knowledge as they expound on the contents of the book. In other words, the concept of virtual learning will be applicable in this exercise (Kim & Mauborgne, 2005).

One concept I would want to disagree with, is the efficiency of using these groups as a platform of discussion. The mode of communication is sending messages via email or wring on the website. This method has low efficacy when such an intense discussion is done. It will be very time consuming and people may not fully benefit from this activity. Some members will not be able to contribute; hence, the discussion will not benefit them. The book is characterized with several criticisms and the members would want to discuss them. Criticisms are not facts therefore; they face a lot of debate. There is a question of how the debate will be carried by the members. There is likely to be confusion if there is no one to organize the discussion (Primary research group, 2011).

The best way to improve efficiency is having a person who will coordinate the discussion. People will forward their contributions to the coordinator and he or she will post them on the site. The coordinator will also organize how the questions will be answered. Generally, forming a discussion on the analysis of a book, using these groups can only be done in an organized way. The most convenient way of holding forums or discussion virtually, is using teleconferencing (Primary research groups, 2011).

According to this weeks reading, I have learnt social sites like Yahoo and Google groups are not only for leisure and for recreation. They can be used for can be used in enhancing business or in education. This book was not only important to the business and finance group but also to the group belonging to education. They can also form a discussion and analyze it. It would boost their knowledge in business strategies. It also talks about discovering untapped markets as a way of eliminating competition. This is also important for marketers in these two groups (Kim & Mauborgne, 2005).

  

References

Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. (2005). Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Boston, Mass: HarvardBusinessSchool Press.

Primary Research Group. (2011). Library use of the mega-Internet sites, 2011-12 edition: Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, Twitter, YouTube, Wikipedia, and more. New York: Primary Research Group.

 

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Speed Does Not Cause Accidents

I attempted to perform extensive research on road traffic accidents. With regard on my findings, I was able to establish that when considering speed, the vehicle is not the cause element of the accident; rather it is the driver controlling that vehicle. Vehicles are normally developed to conform to particular standards such as the speed limit in numerous countries. Currently, companies are required by law to engineer vehicles that adhere to safety standards. Hence, with the help of computers and extensive research, manufactures have been able to produce safe and easy to drive vehicles (Chin, 16). The most cited areas of improvement include efficient braking systems, tires, steering and suspension. Therefore, with these strict rules and technological breakthroughs, it would be correct to say that accidents are often caused by human error rather than speed.

Take for example the speed limit in a country such as America. Traffic engineers in conjunction with the government usually employ a two fold criteria when establishing the specified speed limit. One is the human perception and time taken to react, and the second is the after perception and reaction phase; to achieve the necessary action of avoiding a collision by either swerving or stopping (Haglund, 27). The action and reaction of motorists on their expectations and experience on what they perceive other motorists are about to do. In other words, driving decisions are made with regard to what drivers perceive of other motorists. For example, when a driver intends to cross to the other side of the road, he is going to base his judgment on previous experiences and what he expects of the speed limit in force in that particular area.

If this approaching vehicle is at a distance that prompts the drivers experience to advice on crossing, he will then proceed on and cross the road. Now take a situation whereby the approaching vehicle is going at 100 miles per hour instead of the prescribed 30 miles per hour. In this case, the speed limit was established at this road section to limit vehicles at thirty miles per hour, and the driver about to cross puts this into consideration therefore proceeding on to cross. At the extreme, this .would leads to a fatal accident between the two vehicles. In this case, the speed limit was established to make the transportation system safer, but its perception has led to the wrong direction.

Therefore, it would be correct to say that speed limits are based on a human’s average perception and reaction time in relation o the speed of an approaching or moving object, and the way an average motorist would perceive and react to other road users. Hence, the perception and capabilities of the human should be considered cause factor of the collision, rather than the condition of the vehicle (McKnight, 18). The modern vehicle may have undergone tremendous improvement, but the perception and capabilities on traffic rules and other road users is still same.

However, it is correct to attribute recklessness, poor driving skills, criminal behavior such as speeding, and negligence to certain accidents and collisions. However, speed limits cannot be established in consideration to how excellent the braking system of a car is, or how efficient the steering and suspension is, but on the qualities of the average motorist (Trier, 45). Currently, in contrast to previous times when speed limits were being established, traffic has become denser and the distance between vehicles/ pedestrians has shortened.  In these particular cases, traffic rules such as traffic lights and strict speed limits have been established to govern proceedings in the transport system. In my belief, the considerations have been implemented for the purpose of making roads much safer. However, how individuals perceive these rules as well actions of other road users has had significant impact of steering us in the wrong direction.

 

Works Cited

Chin, H C. “The Practice of Road Safety Audits.” Urban Transport Viii. 2002: 763-774. Print.

Haglund, Mats, and Lars Åberg. “Speed Choice in Relation to Speed Limit and Influences from Other Drivers.” Transportation Research. Part F, Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2000. Print.

McKnight, A J, Diane B. Katz, and Gerry A. Simone. Integrated Safe Driving Information System Development.Washington, D.C: The Administration, 2001. Print.

Trier, H, and G Heuser. “Development of Safe Road Transport Informatic Systems.” Advanced Vehicles and Infrastructure Systems. 2004. Print.

Wang, Hui, Patrick Hasson, and Mac Lister. “Safer Roads Thanks to Its.” Public Roads. 65.6 2002: 14-18. Print.

 

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Clinical Laboratory Program

When I was growing up as young child, I had utter admiration for my uncle who worked at the Government Research Institute Laboratory. He used to have vast knowledge of information about fascinating medical theories. What made me interested with his career was when one day when my sister got sick from a skin disease, there was no doctor from the hospital who knew what type of disease she was suffering. My parents went to the all the dermatologists in the entire town trying to find a cure for my sister with no success. When my parents were almost giving up, my uncle came to visit us. He was so surprised to see that my sister was sick and nobody bothered to tell him so that he could offer his help. He took some samples and carried them with him to work. After a few days, he came back with some medicine for my sister to apply. In one week, the skin disease was completely gone.

From that day, I started conducting research on the duties and all the work he did at the research institute. I found out that clinical laboratory science discipline was one of the most important sciences in the field of medicine. What angers me most is that people always look down on clinical laboratory science. They really do not know that medicine and other medical analysis take place in laboratories. In the laboratories, it is where the answers to the medical questions are answered. I continued with my research and I have realized that most hospitals depend on the laboratories to offer diagnosis or treatment to the patients who come in with strange diseases.

Secondly, I have come to realize that the clinic laboratory scientists are the detectives of the medical field. For instance, my uncle took the sample so that he could investigate what disease was affecting my sister for the purposes of finding a cure. In this case, he did not get an answer until he went to the lab and started testing the sample. After one week, he was able to come up with a clear answer of what was affecting my sister. He was quick to add that, the dermatologists did not send samples to the laboratories for investigation and thus lacked answers. This proves that the laboratory scientists are detectives of the medical field.

Thirdly, laboratory scientists are the unsung heroes in the field of medicine. They are humble like the servants of God. A real hero does not go around showing people what he or she has done instead he or she lets the world see for themselves. For instances, when the laboratory scientists come up with the results of a patient, the doctor is able to diagnose and treat the patient based on the results. When the patient is cured, he or she will forever be grateful to the doctor who cured him or her. In this case, they do not realize that, the laboratory scientist who tested the samples and came up with the results is part of the curing process. In this case, I dream to become a person who heals people yet they do not know that I am part of the healing. I want to become a real hero. Therefore, I believe I am eligible for the clinical laboratory program.

After what happened to my sister, several questions crossed my mind. What if my child was diagnosed with a rare disease? How many people in the world are suffering from strange diseases they are unable to explain? According to my research, there are many people who do not have access to laboratories. This means that they do not have examination and testing services. This has touched my heart. I believe with the knowledge from the Clinical Laboratory Program I can be able to answers medical question for may people and help them solve their problems.

Finally, with all the above personal information of how I became interested in clinical laboratory, my courage and determination can be a testimony of how had I have worked to become a clinical laboratory scientist. When I was in high school I took, a part jobs at my uncle private laboratory for the purposes of enhancing my knowledge on the laboratory science field. In addition, working with an expert in the field made me realize that dedication; ethics and respect are part of the job. Therefore, I believe that with my short personal experience, it enough to prove that I really need to join the Clinical Laboratory Program.

 

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The Changing Role of Human Resource Personnel in Organizations

What role would the HR function play in developing both a medium and long-term strategy to achieve the conflicting goals of reducing costs and maintaining the desired level of human capital?

The human resource function in organizations has changed over the years. It has evolved as the workplace demands have changed. Gone are the days when the main role in the HR department was recruiting and selecting potential employees in organizations. People in the HR department have more responsibilities (Rison & Tower, 2005). One of the major responsibilities is making recommendations that will assist the company in reducing costs, especially during financial downturns. The department is involved, because in most cases, companies result to laying-off employees, as a way of reducing costs. Most of the solutions, which the company will implement, will affect the employees. HR has to make sure that the solutions offered will not affect the employees adversely. When the management has decided that this is the only option available, the department has to recommend the method to be used to determine who will be made redundant. The HR department provides solutions and alternatives, which the organization can undertake so that it can reduce costs. Some of the measures include redesigning jobs. The company should consider this strategy because its current design does not guarantee optimal efficiency. Redesigning jobs will require some of the employees to be placed in other departments. The HR can also restrict overtime, and recommend shorter hours of working, as a way of reducing the costs (Gupta, 2011).

In most organizations, the human resource department acts as a link between the management and the employees. It acts as a voice for the employees by raising their concerns to the management. In most cases, the employees usually know when the company is in a crisis. They anticipate that one of the measures to be used to reduce the costs is downsizing. This stresses them out, since they are not sure whether they are going to keep their jobs. This fear and anticipation can sometimes affect job performance, and it contributes to low productivity. Communication is fundamental in such situations, and the HR department has an important role to play in this case. HR has to communicate with the other employees, and inform them of what is going on in the organization. It has to encourage and motivate the employees (Giehll & Moss, 2009)

HR assists the management in diverse ways. It helps the management to realize the importance of treating employees well and gaining their trusts. The management should appreciate the work done by the employees. It should not see them as workers, but rather as an essential part of the organization. It should compensate them well and seek to gain their loyalty. This will benefit the company in the end. The company can decide to retain its employees, and reduce their pay or give up some of the allowances and benefits, as a way of reducing operational costs. The company could also requests the employees to forego pay increases or to take unpaid off days (Harding & McGill, 2010). These measures may seem drastic, and they will involve a lot of sacrifice on the employees’ part. Since the employees know that the company cares about them, they will not object to such measures. In the case of CGMS, the employees love and enjoy working for the organization. The management has invested a lot of time and other resources training them. The company’s CEO appreciates the effort they put, and he is opposed to the idea of retrenchment. Since the people support, and are loyal to the company, it is possible that they will be willing to sacrifice some of their benefits and allowances. The HR department has to ensure that it is at the forefront in maintaining the workers loyalty.

 

Human resource planning is often seen as an issue in expansionary environments where the main problem is attracting suitable employees. In the CGMS situation, how would you develop a human resource plan that takes the present situation into account, while holding a foundation for future growth?

CGMS has invested many resources on its employees. It is a market leader, and it has the best employees working in different departments. The company is currently facing problems deciding on the measures to implement, so that it can reduce the costs. The company’s main costs are in payment of salaries and wages. The cash flow has decreased since sales have gone down because of the decrease in equipment orders, and the demand for services has declined. These are the major income generators for the company. The company needs to identify ways of increasing the revenue, to the extent that it will cover all the expenses. The employees are not well distributed within the company, with some areas having more employees than others. The company needs to develop a plan that will ensure that there are more people in the departments, which bring in revenue.

Step 1: strategic analysis and issues

This will involve conducting a strategic analysis to determine the issues facing the company. In this case, various managers and departmental heads have already identified the issues facing the company. They have identified the increased problems of negative cash flow in the company

Step 2: identify all the operational and administration costs in all the departments

The management should identify the costs in all the departments, before making cuts in any department. Some departments may have to incur higher costs than other departments due to their nature. On the other hand, some departments can manage to reduce their costs, without major implications on their performance.

Step 3: identify the ongoing HR issues

This step involves identifying and singling out the issues facing the human resource department. They might not be the same problems facing the company. In the case of CGMS, the main issue facing the HR department, is the possibility that some of the employees in the company could be laid off. This will affect the HR department, since it is concerned with employee issues

Step 4 identify the costs of the HR department

The HR department in many organizations has high costs, compared to other departments. HR needs to identify some of the costs. Some of these costs may be hidden, and the management may be oblivious to it. For instance, during the company meeting at CGMS, the manager says that they have always done things at a particular way. The company needs to review some of the methods used to implement decisions in the company, as this will enable it to identify the hidden costs (Rison & Tower, 2005)

Step 5: determine the action to be taken to solve the HR problem

The human resource department will need to identify ways, which will assist the company in reducing costs, and at the same time, making sure that most of the members are retained. It will need to come up with measures that will serve both ends. Some of the measures that the human resource can recommend include reducing the number of hours worked, cutting down salaries, attrition, alternative placement, shared ownership and employee buyouts (HC Online, 2009). The management could also save money by having the company employees do all the work that is outsourced or contracted out at high rates. It could encourage job sharing within the company. One of the most effective measures, which the company can adopt, is consulting with the employees, to see whether they have any solutions, which can reduce costs and increase revenues. The company should freeze all hiring and all pay increases that may result from promotions (Morris & Morris, 2006)

Would a HRIMS help CGMS resolve its present predicament? Justify your argument by explaining what positive benefits it might contribute, or explain why it would not help

A Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is useful to the organization because it eases the compilation of employee data, and provides information, which assists in planning and making management decisions. The system assists in administration, control and coordination. It contains other subsystems and features, which are especially useful to the human resource department. The systems provide information that is useful in different organizational processes and procedures such as layoffs, promotions, termination, and evaluation among others. The system contains information that concerns the employees’ personal and professional life, which may be relevant to the organization. Such information include gender, age, education level, job description, years of employment, performance evaluation, and the number and level of promotions that the employee has had (Gupta, 2011).

A HRIS would benefit CGMS to deal with its current predicament, since it needs to find better ways of managing the employees. It records information about the employees’ payrolls and other benefits. The system can help the organization, if the management has decided that it will layoff-the employees. It can also help the management if it decides to reduce some of the employee benefits. The laying off process has to be fair in all ways. The system has other features such as timecard submissions and approvals, employee self-service, payroll preparations, and absence management (Giehll & Moss, 2009). The system features enables the employees to view and review all the company communications and the policies and procedures. HR uses the system to communicate personal information to the employees. The system payroll and benefits features enable employees to check and change their status such as adding or deleting information on dependents, enrolling in different programs, change the health plan alternatives, update personal information, enter information on vacations and sick days, travel expenses, and time. CGMS employs close to one thousand employees.

Company memos and notices do not contain detailed information. The system enables the employees to have control over the information. It eases the work done by the human resource personnel. The features in the system are important since they will help HR in making important decisions regarding recommendations for pay cuts and layoffs. The employee self-service features help in reducing the operational costs and increasing productivity. The system handles some of the functions of the HR personnel. Since the company is already experiencing shortages in some of the areas, some of the personnel in the human resource department can be placed in other departments where there is shortage of staff (Marquardt & Waddil, 2011). The compliance subsystem ensures that the organizations rules, procedures, and policies are in line with the government regulations and laws. This feature is especially useful in times of recruitment, hiring, selection, and termination. The organization has to ensure that it follows government procedures when undertaking some processes. It helps the organization in avoiding lawsuits, which may arise because of wrongful termination and layoffs (Gupta, 2011).

If CGMS were to decide to reduce the size of its workforce, or change its employment arrangements to reduce labor costs, what legal issues would need to be addressed? Is Stacey correct in saying that redundancies and layoffs would be legally justifiable?

The company has to ensure that it avoids all legal problems that may arise during the laying off process. It has to be ethical, and consider the employees’ financial situation before making the final decision. The company has to have a legitimate reason of terminating the employees. Some of the legitimate reasons include overstaffing, and loss in sales and profits that may occur because of hard financial situations. The company can also have technological changes, which can eliminate the roles and functions of some of the employees, making them obsolete (Guerin & Delpo, 2011). Many companies have established the rules, policies and procedures to be used during layoffs. Companies have conditions, on which people may be laid off. The employees are usually aware of these policies, since many companies make sure that they communicate the policies when they are hiring the employees. The company has to follow the guidelines it has set when terminating or laying-off employees. The company policy and selection criteria for layoffs should be in written form. The company has to check employee contracts, and union conditions. Unionized members have more protection, and the company has to check the conditions set by the union before retrenching workers. Other than these, the company has to follow federal and state laws.

The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) ensures that employers should give the employees sixty days notice before laying-off employees. Even if the company has legitimate reasons for laying-off workers, it should give them enough time to prepare themselves before they leave the company. The WARN Act applies to organizations that have more than one hundred workers. It will therefore be applicable to CGMS because it has more than nine hundred workers. The act protects managers, supervisors, and hourly and salaried employees. Employers have to make sure that they do not discriminate when they are laying-off people. Age, sex, race and nationality are sensitive issues, and most employers find themselves on the wrong side of the law for discriminating people on these bases. Employers should be aware of the protected class, and should follow the law when dealing with people in such classes. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ensures that people are not discriminated based on race, color, religion, national origin, and sex. That Act applies to companies with more than fifteen employees, state government and agencies, labor organizations and committees, and employment agencies (Guerin & Delpo, 2011).

The Americans with Disabilities Act protects people with mental or physical disabilities from discrimination. The Act applies to employers who have more than fifteen employees in their company, local government and agencies, labor unions, and employment agencies. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act protects older workers, who are forty years, or those who are more than forty years old. The Act applies to private employers, who have twenty, or more than twenty employees, federal government and agencies, labor unions, interstate agencies, and employment agencies. Immigrants are protected by the Immigration Reform and Control Act. Employers should not discriminate on workers based on their national origin, or citizenship. However, employers should ensure that all the immigrants have the right to work in the country. The Act is applicable to employers who have four or more employees (Guerin & Delpo, 2011).

Different states have modified some of the federal laws, and they have added more laws to ensure that employers do not take advantage of their employees. For instance, the WARN Act in California is applicable to employers who have more than seventy-five workers. In addition to the people in the protected classes under the federal law, the state of Massachusetts does not favor discrimination based on sexual orientation, ancestry, genetics, or military service (Shea, 2008). The employers should make sure that they state the reason for laying-off employees. They should be honest, as this will reduce the chances of the employees claiming that they have been terminated unlawfully. The employers have to be fair when discharging employees. The employers should consider the employees’ feelings, and should therefore avoid any situations that would cause the discharged employees to feel embarrassed or humiliated (Pledger, 2009). The employer should avoid actions such as authorizing the guards to escort the employees outside the building, and telling them that they are discharged in front of their colleagues. This can make the employees feel downgraded, and they may resent their employers for that. When the situation allows, the employers should make sure that they compensate the employees well, such as by offering them a severance pay. Treating employees well, even before signs of financial trouble will lessen some of the legal issues. Employees who are treated well by the company will remain loyal to the company, even if things are not going right.

In one way, Stacey is correct in saying that redundancies and lay offs would be justifiable, because the company is facing financial difficulties, and it is depending on its assets to keep going. However, she should not be quick in making such a decision, since the company has not exhausted other measures. The company has not taken some of the measures that are guaranteed to reduce operational costs. The company should first ensure that it exhausts all other measures before discharging any employee. Although sales and wages are the biggest expenditure for the company now, the company stands to loose more when it terminates some employees. The company may be forced to pay unemployment claims, and unanticipated severance packages. It will have to face low productivity and morale, from the employees who have been left in the organization. The company also risks losing talent to its competitors and this can be costly (Guerin & Delpo, 2011).

The role of human resource personnel in many organizations has evolved over the years, as work demands have changed and increased. In addition to the traditional roles, the department has to undertake other roles, which were sometime back meant for the managers and directors of organizations. They have to be aware of the legal implications of implementing some of the measures in organizations. Failure to do this will land the company in trouble, as some of the employees may decide to take the company to court. They have to be knowledgeable regarding all the aspects of the organizations, as this will assist them to conduct their work more efficiently.

 

 

References:

Giehll, T & Moss, S 2009, Human capital supply chains, Hillcrest Publishing Group, Minneapolis

Guerin, L & DelPo, A 2011, The manager’s legal handbook, Nolo, Berkely

Gupta, H 2011, Management information system, HITESH GUPTA, New Delhi

HC Online 2009, alternatives to downsizing, viewed 12 March 2012, <http://www.hcamag.com/resources/hr-strategy/alternatives-to-downsizing/115409/>

Lengnick-Hall, LM, Lengnick-Hall, AC, Andrade, SL & Drake, B 2009, strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field, Human Resource Management Review, vol. 19 pp. 64-85

Marquardt, M & Waddill, D 2011, The E-HR advantage: the complete handbook for technology-enabled human resources, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London

Morris, WT & Morris, WT 2006, Career mechanics, Morris Associates, Inc., Kearney

Pledger, M 2009, The difficult and delicate job of laying off employees, viewed 12 March 2012, <http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2009/06/the_difficult_and_delicate_job.html>

Rison, PR & Tower, J 2005, ‘How to reduce the cost of HR and continue to provide value’, Human Resource Planning, vol. 28,

Shea, MR 2008, Reducing staff in a down economy: handling terminations and using separation agreements, viewed 12 March 2012, <http://www.mbbp.com/resources/employment/layoffs.html>

 

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Buyer and Consumer Behavior

Penetration in marketing

Penetration in marketing is used as one of the strategies of growing in business. This is where a company enters new markets with either new products or modified ones to the company, but existing in the market through lowered prices. This is meant to attract customers since at lower prices the demand is bound to increase. It can also be through aggressive advertising where the company is seeking to gain market share in a certain market where competitors already exist. Penetration in marketing can be simply defined as a way of measuring the popularity of a brand in a particular market, making it quite important in measuring market share. It can be calculated through dividing the number of people that buy the brand at a given time by the market size or population of the market.

Average Purchase Frequency

This is the average number of times that a customer buys a particular product at a given period, or from a certain seller. In this case, we are concerned with the number of times a customer buys the product. It is important to understand this because, the higher the purchase frequency of a certain product, the higher the likelihood of the customer switching to another brand. For instance, with coffee, where customers use it almost daily, it would be easy to persuade consumers to shift brand through advertising and promotion unlike for low frequency products. This is simply calculated through making a record of the number of times a customer bought a particular item in a month.

Share of Category Requirements

Share of category requirements means the total number of units that are bought by a household compared to the total number of units bought for the category. Category will include products of the same category form other competitors. This means the share that your particular product occupies within households. For instance, if households bought a total number of 2 million units of Protex bathing soap, while the total number of soaps bought by the same households was 8 million, the share of category requirement will be (2,000,000/8,000,000)100 = 25%. This means that the required amount for this category is 25% of goods within that bracket. This is very important in determining the market share of a product.

Category Buying Rate

Category buying rate is the rate at which consumers buy a particular category. This can be measured by the number of times a consumer buys a product form a certain category for a given time. This can be calculated for each day, month or year through dividing the amount of units bought for that category by the period given. This is important to know how much the product sells within a time or its demand.

First Brand Loyalty

Brand loyalty is where customers remain loyal to a particular brand, and it is hard for them to switch from one brand to another. First brand loyalty on the other hand means the loyalty that consumes hold to the brand that was available in the market first, or the brand that came out first, or the oldest. It could also mean the fists brand that a consumer ever consumed. Many consumers will not want to shifts from their first brand to another.

Sole Loyalty

This is consumers are very loyal to one brand, which is usually the leader or head in the market. This head implements the rules and laws within that market. This can be calculated through observing the number of products bought of that brand, and whether people are willing to buy its substitutes.

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Frodo in Lord of the Rings

The movie, Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Rings, displays the character Frodo as the main protagonist. Frodo, who is a hobbit, is displayed as a character who engages in a dangerous mission of trying to destroy the Ring of Dark Lord Sauron. This is in order to prevent Sauron from conquering the Middle-earth. The film, through Frodo and various other characters, brings out different aspects of mythology. The character of Frodo has been used specifically to bring out the aspect of hero archetype.

A hero archetype is a universal model of a character who in the face of danger displays great skill and courage. The individual’s character and personality is one that is greatly emulated. The typical life of a hero archetype begins with an extraordinary childhood. The childhood is characterized by great affluence or suffering and poverty. In the movie, Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Rings, Frodo is depicted as an orphan who is later adopted by Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo, who was Frodo’s spiritual father, greatly protected Frodo during his childhood. This is typical of mythological hero archetypes. After the disappearance of his spiritual father, Frodo displayed great destiny and inheritance that characterize the lives of heroes of this type. After the disappearance of Bilbo, Frodo found out that he was Bilbo’s spiritual heir. The fact that he had Brandybuck blood also made him queer among the rest of the hobbits. For his decent, the Sackville-Bagginses greatly resented him.

In many tales, the hero archetypes usually set out on a quest. In many instances, these quests are first seen as mistakes. In the movie the, Frodo began by rejecting his call. He was supported by Bilbo who tried to persuade Gandalf that in choosing Frodo he had made the wrong choice. This was when Gandalf revealed that Frodo was the one chosen to be the ring bearer. After Bilbo handed over the Ring to him, Frodo delayed his departure. When he finally left the Shire, he believed that his role was to merely get to Rivendell and give the Ring to an individual who possessed more capabilities than he did.

Most hero archetypes usually have guardians who posses special capabilities to aid them in getting to their destinies. In his quest, Frodo together with his friend Sam encountered a number of guardians. Frodo’s first guardian was Bilbo who possessed more wisdom and protected him from danger. Bilbo acted as his archetypal parent. Later on in the film, Frodo met Tom Bombadil and Goldberry who acted as his guardians. The two gave him advice and supplements to aid him in his quest.

Frodo’s experiences in this film are universal to humankind. This is because he went through circumstances that are commonly faced by others around the world. The film displayed him as having a difficult childhood as an orphan. This is a representation of the many individuals around the world. Many people go through various challenges because of their backgrounds as orphans. Frodo also showed uncertainty in purpose. When it was revealed to him that he bore the role of the keeper of the Ring, he felt incompetent and unable to carry out the task. In the same way, many individuals are usually confused in regards with their purpose in life.  There are times when people undermine themselves and feel incompetent to carry out their tasks in life.

Frodo provided an exemplary model for individuals to emulate. He displayed great bravery and managed to triumph over challenges. This bravery was seen when he faced challenges like Caradhras, Wargs and Balrog. He managed to pass these trials with the help of the fellowship. This fellowship comprised of Sam, Merry and Pippin. Later own, the fellowship added Boromir, Gimil, Gandalf and Legols to it. This showed an aspect of cooperation. From the life of Frodo, individuals learn the importance of allowing others to help them in their various life tasks.

Reference list

Jackson, P., Osborne, B. M., Sanders, T. (Producer). Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Rings. New Zealand/ United States: New Line Cinema

 

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Incorporate the Lessons from the Lean Startup

Introduction

Budibar is a food product that was developed by Michael McCarthy. The main intentions of creating the new food product were for the purposes of keeping the stomach full for long hours without feeling hungry. Additionally, it was meant to improve the brain functions and other brain activities. Since it was a new commodity in the market, it proved to be a formidable challenge to McCarthy. This is because many entrepreneurs have failed due to offering consumers what they do not need. In this case, McCarthy had to search for practicable means that will introduce the product in the market as quickly as possible. Therefore, when McCarthy was introducing the Budibar product in the market, he employed lean startup techniques for quick market tractions and correct any mistakes from customers feedback.

Discussion

When introducing Budibar into the market, McCarthy wanted to use the least amount of money and simultaneously, eliminate any flaws of the product. For this reason, McCarthy needed a reasonable strategy that will help him achieve this goal. When McCarthy introduced the new product, he produced enough products from his customers for the purposes of acquiring feedback from them. Therefore, McCarthy had to look for the already existing customers in the market who he knew that they would provide apple feedback. In this case, customers were willing to help and they gave their feedback to McCarthy in relation to Budibar.

Since Budibar was being introduced for the first time in the market, McCarthy needed to produce only those products that would reach the targeted consumers for feedback. Secondly, McCarthy did not need to create complex Budibars because they would cost him a lot of money as compared to creating simple Budibars that are only used for test purposes. In this case, McCarthy produced simple Budibars for the purposes of customers to write feedback for the purposes of making high quality products for sale. This is similar to lean start up strategy where the products produced are for the purposes of testing so that customers can offer feedback to the producer. Additionally, lean start up strategies states that products should be produced at the cheapest prices possible. Therefore, McCarthy employed the lean start up strategies.

Another strategy McCarthy employed when introducing Budibar was the removal of distributors or distribution channels. This is where the channel of distribution was reduced to one. This made the mark up prices to go down since there were no intermediaries. On the other hand, the flow of information was made to be direct from the customer to the producer reducing distortion of information. In most cases, intermediaries might distort information so that they can mislead their producers for their own personal gains. This means that the method was cheap and feedback from customers was first hand. Therefore, when this strategy is compared to the strategies of lean start up, they are extremely similar. This is because lean start up is meant to be cheap and efficient to one customer.

However, there was no place for customers to write their feedback to McCarthy. In this case, McCarthy had to create a new website where he would incorporate customer feedback efficiently. This new method for customer feedback was extremely cheap since it would not take much for a customer to write their feedback. Additionally, it would not cost McCarthy to view the feedbacks and act on them. On the other hand, this was the most convenient and efficient method of communicating to customers and keeping in contact with them if anything new came up. For this reason, it was a strategic move of entrepreneurship using the lean start up strategy.

Customers responded positively to Budibar and they offered their feedback. For instance, they urged McCarthy to create new products that were alternative to medicines. This is where the Budibar will range from different products depending on the medicine in the food. For example, Budibar should contain Althine 200 milligrams similar to green tea. In this case, those customers who would like to take green tea would receive it from Budibar directly. This would be cheaper easier and much better than the option of taking green tea. In this situation, McCarthy received feedback from customers and at the same time, Budibar gained market tractions with the least costs.

After receiving customers feedback in the web, McCarthy started to evaluate those suggestions that seemed to viable and realistic to be improved in the product. McCarthy created categories so that he could be able to identify those suggestions that are viable and those that are not viable. For instance, one of the categories was new food products of Budibar. In this instance, many consumers suggested that the creation of food medicine would be extremely helpful. For this reason, McCarthy started testing those medicines that would work effectively if they were prepared as a product of Budibar and at the same time, they would have that enjoyable taste for the taste buds.

This is similar to the steps and strategies of lean start up strategies. The main of the lean start up strategies is to create test products at a cheaper price where they are expected to offer their feedback. After the customers have responded to the producers about the new product that is to be introduced, the producers are expected to act in the information they have received from customers. When this steps and strategies of lean start up are compared to what McCarthy did, it can be clearly seen that they are exceedingly similar. Therefore, McCarthy employed the lean start up strategies to introduce Budibar.

The other process employed by McCarthy in the introduction of the Budibar implementing the product. Based on the customer feedback, McCarthy implemented Budibar after reviewing the feedback. In this case, he produced Budibar containing medicines for the purposes of meeting the customer needs. On the other hand, he produced tasty Budibar with different flavors to suit the different customer needs. This ensured that McCarthy removed all the flaws that were experienced in the test product of the Budibar product.

Finally, McCarthy reintroduced the new products to the already existing customers and other potential customers in the market. In this case, he used the old customers who previously tested the product to verify that improvements have been made. In this case, McCarthy retained many customers and at the same time, he gained potential customers. This situation shows that McCarthy did not spend a lot of money to create market tractions. Additionally, he had already created customer loyalty.

Finally, after the above analysis, it be clearly seen that McCarthy employed lean start up strategies to introduce Budibar in the market. This is because the last strategy of lean start up strategies is to ensure that goods and services are finally produced at high quality. On the other hand, the aim is to bring the product in the existing market already created by the test product. In this case, McCarthy has fully employed the lean start up strategies.

Conclusion

Many entrepreneurs often wonder how they are going to introduce their products into the market at a lower price. When they finally introduce them, they fail because what they have brought in the market is not what the customers wanted. In this case, entrepreneurs like Budibar have used the lean start up strategies for the purposes of reducing prices, creating market tractions and reducing flaws in the product.

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