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Free Speech Assignment

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The law is over broad and cannot be justified on its requirement that picketing be restricted to 500 feet. Considering the ruling of the court in the case of Madsen et al. v. Women’s Health Center, Inc., et al, it can also be argued that this provision is too broad than it’s necessary to ensure smooth running of funeral rite and giving the fallen hero last respect. Funeral ceremony location is a place that people are supposed to gather. In addition, a burial rite for public officers is expected to raise different emotions from the member of the public. As a result, limiting the time, number of pickets and duration of picketing could have delivered the desired outcome. It would have been more reasonable to limit the timing of the picketing to avoid interference during the funeral ceremony. Additionally, limiting the number of pickets and their duration can also be a justifiable act to control public behavior and perception. This can avoid creating wide range public outcry that can make the bereaved families feel their sons and daughters are not appreciated for their service.

The court should invoke the Bias Motivated Crime Ordinance, highlighted in R.A.V. v City of St. Paul, to find picketers guilty of violating the law. The phrases in the ordinance like arouse anger, resentment and alarm; give it powers to fight crimes committed by speech. These picketers targeted specific groups of people and their mode of argument amounted to arousing anger and resentment. They also carried symbols that indicated their resentment towards the gay people and blamed them for the problems that have befallen America. This ordinance provides for tolerance and cannot accommodate such kind of divisive words. In addition, it provides for protection against these kinds of expression that are not covered under the constitution. It protects the members of the public from bias motivated threats that can result in disruption of law and order as well as the general tranquility of the public environment.

It is also illegal to intimidate a particular person or group in the way the picketers did with homosexual group. The court ruling in Virginia v. Black et al behavior of burning of the cross considered the act to be a hate speech that is prohibited by the first amendment. A parallel can also be drawn between these two acts in that it stems from a similar tradition like the cross burning. The court explained that the behavior of burning the cross originated from Ku Klux Klan that terrorized southern whites and blacks that were not in agreement with it during its formation. In their case they used cross burning as an intimidation sign and a threat that they would commit violence against a particular group. These picketers carried particular signs abusing homosexuals. As a result, they have contravened this provision of the first amendment. They directly engaged in intimidation of this group and unless their behavior is quelled they are likely to disrupt peace and security of the nation. In addition, this group of picketers expression that they were grateful for the 9/11 attack is an indication that their intimidation can spill over to causing bodily harm. As a result, the court may regulate these prurient contents.

In conclusion, the decision to limit picketing to more than 500feet is overbroad, but the court might invoke provision in first amendment that prohibits intimidation.

 

Works Cited

Madsen et al. v. Women’s Health Center, Inc., et al. (93-880), 512 U.S. 753. 1994. Retrieved from: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-880.ZS.html

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota (90-7675), 505 U.S. 377 (1992) Retrieved from: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/90-7675.ZS.html

Virginia v. Black (01-1107) 538 U.S. 343 (2003) Retrieved from: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/01-1107.ZS.html

 

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Aftermath of Imperialism, Colonization, and “The Sphere of Influence” Narratives

The Imperialism, Colonization, and “The Sphere of Influence” Narratives had significant effect on Indochina, the Middle East and the African regions. These three regions were the subject of multiple form encounters from European conquerors, explorers, navigators, missionaries and merchants as well as other people and cultures throughout the past four centuries. Such encounters can be explained in the form of double aspect at a narrative and a practical level. Therefore, colonization, conquest, and trade led to co existence or domination modes along with transcultural relationships (Castillo, 26). In Indochina, Africa, and the Middle East these kinds of narratives led explanations attempting to interpret the nature and origin of cultural and racial (social, religious, and linguistic) diversity.

At this time, there were observations on alien cultures, societies, and religious practices thus broadening human social forms debate. Ultimately, this led to the critical reappraisal of a Christian civilization from Europe. These European observations and impressions were recorded in juridical, historical, religious, and philosophical literature. The rapid growth of European expansion through the Middle East, Indochina, and Africa provided the European community with an opportunity of learning other phenomena beyond the Atlantic through imperialism (Roberts, 31). In the course of these discoveries, several problems emerge related to the nature and origins, future of the affected nations, and the history.

For example, it lead to debates concerning the nature and origin of Amerindians thus giving rise to a number of conflicting explanations over the subsequent period. In accordance with a biblical point of view, they are descendants of Adam who survived the great flood by migrating to un-submerged land, in this case Asia. Another argument is the polygenic view that holds they resulted from acts of creation different from those accounted for in the book of Genesis. Evolutionism and diffusionism were two further explanation attempts proposed to give an account of the Native American origin (Roberts, 48).

With the above consideration is the connected problem of history and social forms. The European culture exhibited gradual tendency of analyzing different social organizations and cultures that developed to disciplines of historical sociology, anthropology, and ethnography. Missionaries especially engaged themselves in endeavors of understanding new cultures and their practices. They explored savagery and barbarism concepts especially in the African continent. This evidence is supported by writings, which had a seemingly scientific bearing. They argue colonization and the sphere of influence led to competitive struggles among the natives for natural resources and land propelled by antipathy (Suri, 29).

In addition, encounters from imperialism, colonization and the sphere of influence led to significant problems in the Middle East including differences in the races. Genetics has since established mixing of populations through migration paths to the Middle East. This influence led to other problems such as the perception that natives in the Middle East were a primitive society, and that their adoption of the European culture was a fundamental for their attainment of a civilized status. In addition, from the start of the European imperialism and colonization overseas, there was the development of problem of seizing the native families and individuals and thereafter transporting them to Europe. They were then used as slaves, or served the purpose of and sources of information for research. At certain cases, non-Europeans were abducted, with the intention of being used as examples to pass the message of European supremacy and Superiority (Roberts, 67). The influence of the European society had significant impact in the Indochina and Middle East region with some problems in Africa such as scramble for natural resources still prevalent.

 

 

 

Works Cited

Castillo, Susan P, and Ivy Schweitzer. A Companion to the Literatures of Colonial America. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub, 2005. Print.

Roberts, J M. History of the World. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2003. Print.

Suri, Jeremi. “The Cold War, Decolonization, and Global Social Awakenings: Historical Intersections.” Cold War History. 6.3 (2006): 353-363. Print.

 

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Earnings per share

             FASB- Financial Accounting Standards Board is the body that is vested with the responsibility of providing appropriate guidelines and for making changes in accounting principles and financial reporting issues. EPS is one of the many areas in accounting that FASB has provided some changes in order to meet the requirements of the investors and any other creditors.

FASB current codification standards on US General Accounting Accepted Standards (GAAP/IFR), earning per share is the sum of all earnings that are related/or attributable to each common stock share (FASB), 2012, p. 1). The term is used in reference to both loss and earnings of a share. A common stock refers to a stock which is subordinate to all stock of the company that issues them. It is also referred to as a common share. There are many other terms that are used in the understanding of earnings per shares. These include; antidilution which refers to the increase in EPS amounts or the decrease in loss per share amounts. Basic earnings per share means the total amount of earnings  for a certain period  available to every outstanding share of common stock or which may not have been paid during the reporting time. Diluted earnings mean the total sum of money/earnings for available period for the outstanding common stock at the time that earnings are being reported.  It also relates to each outstanding amount of shares when the issuance of common shares for all potential common shares (dilutive) is outstanding during the reporting period (FASB, 2012, p.2).

Dilution is the reduction/decrease of EPS that results from the assumption that convertible securities  was converted or other shares were issued upon meeting certain conditions such as when warrants were exercised.

 

Business reorganizations and combinations

In the circumstances where common shares are issued in pursuit to acquisition of a new business or a combination, calculation of EPS recognizes the existence of new shares only begin from the date the acquisition commenced (FASB, 2012, p.2).  In reorganizations, however, earnings per shares are normally based on analysis that is done on a particular transaction and the provisions of the subtopic.

In the event that there are partially paid shares and partially paid  subscriptions for stock  that qualify to earn dividends in accordance to the proportion of the amount paid, then the common shares that is equivalent to the partially paid shares is included in the earnings per shares computations as long as they are allowed to participate in dividends. On the other hand, partial paid stock subscriptions which do not share the dividends until they are fully paid are considered as warrants and therefore included in the diluted EPS using treasury stock method (FASB, 2012, p.3).  The balance that is not paid is assumed to precede that which was used in purchasing stock using treasury stock method.

Master limited partnerships are also an important part when it comes to how earnings per share are subdivided.  A typical master limited partnership contains a general partner interest, publicly traded common units held by limited partners and incentive distribution rights. Publicly traded master limited partnerships often issue multiple classes of securities that may qualify to be adopted in the partnerships distributions according a specific formula provided in the partnership agreement (FASB, 2012, p.2).

The partnerships agreements require that the available partnership is spread over the whole period of reporting as the agreement stipulates. The general partner and the limited partners share the cash accrued using a distribution waterful.  Mechanism that allows distributions or prescribes how the partners i.e. the general and the limited partners share the cash after at a certain threshold. Upon meeting the threshold, holders of the separate class of nonvoting unlimited partner’s interest or when incentive distribution rights is encompassed in the general partner interest to the general partner.  At the end of the financial period, net loss or profit of the partnership is then allocated to the capital account s of the g limited and general partner on the basis of their respective sharing losses/ incomes as required/specified in the partnership agreement (FASB, 2012, p.2).

In calculating of the earnings per share for capital structures which are not convertible into a class of common stock uses two methods.

The required Earnings per share as presented on income statement

Those businesses with simple/normal capital structures having only common stock outstanding usually present their basic per-share amounts of income from the continuing operations and for the net income that is present on the income statement face (FASB, 2012, p.4).  However, all other businesses are required to present both diluted and basic per-share amounts of income from the continuing performance and the amount of net income accrued and presented on the income statement with a consideration of equality.

According to the US general accepted accounting standards, all the terms earning per share and diluted EPS are used in helping to identify the earning per share data that is required to be presented and therefore not used as captions /headings of the income statements (FASB, 2012, p.5). In addition, under the standards, the per-share amounts that are not included in their subtopics as decided by an entity are also computed according with the subtopic and only disclosed in the notes of the financial statements. Clear notes should also be provided to show whether the per-share amounts are net of tax of pretax.

The standards also required that earning per share information/data be presented for all the periods under which the income statement summarizing earnings is provided. For instance, in case diluted earnings per share data are reported for a period, they need to be reported for all the periods that is presented regardless even if they are similar to basic Earning per shares.  In the case that both basic and diluted EPS are same, then presentation can be dual and at the same time in one income statement.

Computation of basic earnings per share

These basic earnings per share is calculated by  the method of division where income that is available  is divided to common stockholders as the numerator by the  number of   outstanding common shares(weighted-average) which is used as denominator(FASB, 2012, p.6). Income that is give to common stockholders is either loss/income from operations that are continuing or net income or net loss adjusted for preferred stock dividends. While  weighted average of outstanding common shares is the sum total of shares that  determined by relating the portion of time within a reporting period that common shares have been outstanding  to total  time in that period. Both shares that are issued and reacquired during the period weighted/calculated for the period in which they are outstanding.

Income that is available for the common stockholders is calculated by subtracting both the declared dividends in the period once preferred stocks whether they are paid or not and the dividends accumulated or the period on a cumulative preferred stock wherever or not they are accrued from continuing operations income earned as per the amount in income statement. In case of a loss or a net loss due to operations being carried out, the loss amount increased due to the addition of preferred dividends.  Hence, an adjustment is instituted on net loss and income for the preferred stock dividends is done regardless of the form of payment. Only preferred dividends earned are deducted only to the extent that they are earned (FASB, 2012, p.6).

In case of calculation of EPS in situation where there is on controlling interest in subsidiary in a consolidated group income accrued from  net income and continuing operations is excluded from income attributable to the non controlling interest subsidiaries. Calculation of EPS in consolidated financial statements both basic and diluted must be included in the consolidated group. To compute income that is available to common stockholders is computed by deducting preferred stock dividends paid by an issuer is deducted  from the net income or is  added to the  total net loss recorded. Standards also requires that contingently issuable shares  be included in the basic EPS only in circumstances that those shares are not going to be issued and  basic EPS  should not be restated  to reflect the changed circumstances.

There are various methods that are used in the computation of the earnings per share to ensure successful implementation. One of the methods used is the weighted average computation.  Number of weighted-average- shares is the arithmetic mean average of the total sum of shares that are outstanding and which are thought to be outstanding for the earnings per share computations.  However, the preferred and precise average is the sum of the shares that are determined on a daily basis that are then divided by the days in a certain period.  However, the US GAAP allows other less precise methods in computation of EPS provided they provide reasonable results.  Some methods that normally introduce artificial weighing like the rule of 78 are not allowed in the computation of a number of weighted average shares for earnings per share computations (FASB, 2012, p.10)

The second method is the treasury stock method.  This method is also referred to as year-to-date computations (FASB, 2012, p.10). In this method, incremental shares included in quarterly diluted earnings per share are computed using the average- market price in the three months that are included in the reporting.  In year-date diluted earnings per shares, the incremental shares used as denominators are determined by computing of year-date weighted average in line to the incremental shares included in the quarterly diluted earnings per shares computations. In case of a year-to-date loss the potential/likely common shares does not form part of the calculation of diluted earnings per share since this would amount to antidilutive. However, in case of a year-to-date income,  in the scenario that warrants and money is excluded from the one to more quarterly diluted EPS computation  as a result of antidilutive effect, the options  such as warrants  need to be included in the diluted EPS denominator by use of weighted –average basis when  the effect if dilutive.  Furthermore, if the effect is undilutive, contingent shares which were excluded in the quarterly computation because of loss incurred from continuing operations need to be included in the year-to-date computation.

Average market can also be used in the calculation of EPS. In most circumstances, the closing market prices are used in the computation of average market prices. However in the circumstances that prices fluctuate or other reasons emerges that may cause effects to the trend then the average of low and high prices for the period is selected or represented would be used as this will produce a more representative price.  This method under the US GAAP is used consistently unless it proves to be unrepresentative due to the changes in conditions (FASB, 2012, p.11).  A good example is where an entity uses closing market values to compute its average market price for a given period of time or certain number of years under stable market prices, in an event that the market prices fluctuates greatly, then the average of low and high prices will be used in computation to ensure that the price is representative.

Warrants/opinions and equivalents

Options and warrants to buy any convertible securities under the US GAAP/IRP is assumed to be applicable if the average prices of both the common stocks and convertible securities obtained are above the exercise price of options and warrants. The incremental number of convertible securities that are assumed to be issued and converted to common stocks immediately can be calculated by used of treasury stock method (FASB, 2012, p.12). Only those convertible securities that require or permit payment of cash by the holder of the security rate conversion are the only ones that are considered the equivalent of warrants.  Therefore, in computing diluted EPS the proceeds  that are assumed to  be received are the ones which are going to be  assumed or used in purchasing of common stock whereas the convertible security are assumed to be converted under if-converted method.

Restatement of earnings per share data

There are some occasions that earnings per share are readjusted based on different factors. There is different mechanism or circumstances that lead to these restatements.  These include.

Stock splits/stock dividends

Computations of both diluted basic EPS can be adjusted retroactively based on the circumstances that number of common shares outstanding increases because of stock dividend or decrease to due reverse stock split. These adjustments will cover all the periods presented to be able to reflect the changes in the capital structure that has occurred. However there are circumstances where these stock splits may happen long after the required period is closed and before issuance of financial statement. In such circumstances, the computations of per-share for the period before the financial statement will usually be based on the number of new shares.  In circumstances that calculation of EPS reflect adjustments in the sum of shares (total number), the facts are disclosed (FASB, 2012, p.12).

A right issue is yet another factor that affected or triggers adjustments on the computations of the earnings per share. For instance, the exercise prices of a right issue at issuance time is less that the value of the stock (fair)have a bonus  element that looks similar to  stock  dividend.  In addition, the circumstance that the right issue contain a bonus and at the same time is issued/offered to all easing stockholders both diluted and basic EPS is adjusted retrospectively because of the bonus element to the all periods that is provided.

In computation of the diluted and basic EPS prior to the right issue is the total number of outstanding  common shares immediately prior to the issue of multiplied by the factors; fair value share immediately prior to the exercise of the rights/ theoretical ex-rights fair value per share (FASB, 2012, p.13). Theoretical ex-rights fair value per share is obtained by adding aggregate fair value of the shares immediately prior to the exercise of their rights to the proceeds expected from the exercise of the rights and dividing by the outstanding number of shares after the exercise of the rights.

Prior period adjustments are another kind of adjustment that is normally done on the earnings per share. This is done in the circumstances that the authority literature requires that restatement of the operations result of the prior period is included in the summary earnings or income statement.  The impact of the restatement is normally expressed in per-share terms and is usually disclosed in the period in which restatement occurred.

 

Pre-codification of US GAAP and IFR on earnings per share

According to FAS (2009) the previous codification standards of FASB on earnings per share were not simplified (p. 3). For instance, the standards that were in the APB opinion NO. 15 were complex hampering clear understanding.  Presentation of primary EPS was replaced with basic EPS. Furthermore more, the previous codification did not require dual presentation of primary EPS and the earnings per share (diluted) on entities or on income statement with complex capital structures and further reconciliation of the denominator and numerator of calculation of basic earnings per share (common) to those of diluted EPS computation.

In the previous codification of FASB US (GAAP) opinion 15 only permitted one form of presentation (single) of the EP common share for those businesses with simple/common simple capital structures. The presentation was similar to the basic EPS- a common presentation that is not used in USA. However, this opinion -15 required those entities with complex capital structures to present both their primary and fully diluted earnings per share on the income statement. Primary earnings per share computation included the common stock equivalents in its outstanding sum of common shares denominators. The current GAAP/IFR that have earnings per share requires presentation of both basic earnings per share or both basic earnings per share and fully diluted earnings per share only (FAS-128, 2009, P. 4).

According to FASB (1997) rules used in computation of primary earnings per share   is criticized on grounds of being extremely complex and having many arbitrary provisions (p.28).  Such criticisms focus on determination of convertible securities as common stock equivalents and specifically using Aa corporate bond rate for the common stock equivalency test, classification of a security as an equivalent common stock and the two-thirds yield test for common equivalency (FASB, 1997, p. 28).

Complexities in earnings per share are complicated by the opinion 15. Many auditors   misunderstand it and end up using it incorrectly as many user think that the primary EPS is computed without inclusion of common stock equivalents.

Comparison

When compared to the ancient principles, the current principles are easy to use and follow compared to the traditional rules which have many inconsistencies. Political compromises also contributed to the formulation of the past standards. This allowed volatility in the reported earnings hence compelling revision and coming up of new standards. The previous codification when compared to the current codification, little changes have been made regarding to how standards in accounting principles should be done. The section that has undergone a number of changes is the opinion 15 which has always been cited by its users that it causes complexity and confusion. The information and the requirements look almost similar hence triggering need for adjustments in areas that seem to be complex to understand.

Recommendation for the future standards

The objectives of both the diluted and basic EPS should be identified to be able to reach a good conclusion.  For instance, EPS should be used in rating how an entity is performing in a given reporting period while that of EPS (diluted) should be consistent with the basic EPS objectives. In addition, the codifications standards the need to be improved and consistent and apply conceptual framework to ensure easy of understanding and applicability of the standards.  Clear accounting objectives standards should be stated and sufficient structure and detail should be provided and should be operational and applied in inconsistent manner.  Exceptions should also be minimized and use of percentage tests which allow evasion to achieve technical complicate avoided.

To ensure that consistent codes of standards are upheld, the IASC and FASB  should  come together and analyze the area that have been cited to cause confusion and  inconsistent and suggest the best approaches to ensure that reporting and calculation of EPS is done properly in order to appeal to the investors and the local  investors.

References 

Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB), (2012).  260 Earnings Per Share. Retrieved from                 https://asc.fasb.org/combinesubtopic&trid=2144383

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.128 (FAS) (1997).  Earnings per share, Retrieved from:             https://asc.fasb.org/cs/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id            &blobwhere=1175823287413&blobheader=application%2Fpdf

 

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Pesticides Chemical Hazards and Risk Assessment

Section One

Much as they have been a major breakthrough, a number of pesticides do not exhibit biodegrading properties and therefore bear the possibility of gaining access to a food chain in the eco system through bioaccumulation and eventually affect human health. Humans may be environmentally exposed to pesticides through agricultural practices such as cropping, the direct consumption through food, or through inhalation. However, if pesticides were done away with, this would translate to a fall in the crop yield as well as an increase in global food prices by seventy five percent. In India for example, the government has registered a total of 145 pesticides and their crop production has risen to 80,000 metric tones. However, statistics indicate that fifty percent for food the commodity in India is contaminated by residues from pesticides. Toxicity residues in this case are measured using indices which act as receptors.

Pesticides pose adverse health effects once they access the human body which include persistent and acute infection of the nervous system, damage to the lungs and reproductive organs, cancer, birth defects, and dysfunction of the endocrine and immune system just to name a few. It has also been established that small amounts of pesticides can at the extreme lead to death, disrupt hormones, especially those related to reproductive functions in humans (Kraybill, 45). These pesticide effects on human health therefore warrant a better understanding of the exposure patterns, the human population underlying variability, and the linkage between toxicology data. An understanding of these variables will ultimately lead methods of preventing humans from coming into contact with harmful pesticides.

Additionally, improving and integrating epidemiological studies will pave the way for quality judgment of pesticide exposure to humans and the risks involved. In addition, there is need to enlighten farmers on the implications of using pesticides, bio pesticides, biotechnology, agriculture, management of the eco system, and the human and environmental effects of this chemicals.

Section Two

Question one

Pesticides in the current society are found in numerous public places such as office buildings, grocery stores, and even in houses. Therefore, coming across them is seemingly impossible and people engage in all kinds of endeavors to eliminate insects, weeds, and fungus using pesticides. The consequences involved with the adverse effects of pesticides range from lung damage from inhaling the chemicals, damage to the nervous system, certain cancers, disruption of the endocrine and immune system, as well as disrupting hormonal processes especially reproduction processes in humans, thus compromising one’s ability to bear children (United States Environmental Protection Agency Communications, Education, and Public Affairs, 54). Additionally, certain pesticides contain sufficient poisonous residues to cause death in humans.

Question two

In accordance with the World Health Organization, up to twenty five million people worldwide have to bear the consequences of pesticide effects. An estimated twenty thousand people in the United States every year report new cases of cancer. This can be attributed to pesticide residues in their food. Once residues of pesticides are ingested, the body lacks the capability of metabolizing them and is therefore stored in various tissues. In addition, these residues are hard to excrete and therefore remain in the body causing damage.

Question three

Due to the devastating effects of pesticides on human health, significant remedial actions have been established to relieve mankind from the effects of these chemicals. Methods to educate the major source of pesticides in this case farms, have been established as means of conserving the ecosystem and teaching farmers on the implications of improper use of pesticides (National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference, 67). This remedial action has proven to be effective with the increased awareness among farmers and their willingness to conform to healthy living measures.

In addition, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there have been measures established to better understand the health effects by the pesticide chemicals. These measures have been effective through improved breakthrough evaluation methods and thus appropriate treatment whenever necessary.

Question four  

Pesticides bear both chronic and acute threats to the human health. Studies have established the linkage between pesticides and numerous chromic and acute illnesses. These include increased cancerous risks, birth defects, brain damage, disorders of the reproductive system, liver and the kidney.

Question five

Pesticides pose both systemic and target organ threats from their adverse effects on humans. At certain cases, residues from pesticides once in the body can lead affecting the entire body especially in cases where the body has contracted a particular cancer strain. On the other hand pesticides can also affect target organs in the human body. Good examples are damage to the nervous system; disruption of the endocrine and immune system, as well as disrupting hormonal processes especially reproduction processes (Centers for Disease Control, 42).

Question six

The more likely chemical exposures that may interact with pesticides include xenobiotic which is a chemical found in the human body

Question seven.  

Xenobiotic is responsible for metabolizing genes in the human body. If pesticide residues manage to access the body and interact with this chemical compound, the effect is the alteration of the genetic makeup of the affected individual. In this case, this can lead to birth defects incase of a pregnant woman, breast cancer in case of women, and complications in reproductive functions.

Section Three

The use of pesticides has resulted in both acute and chronic ecological damage through direct injury to humans and a variety of animals, or indirect injury such as suppressed reproductive functions. The risk assessment if this threat therefore involves four steps including hazard identification, characterizing the hazard, assessing the exposure, and characterizing the risk. These standards vary depending on the country as to whether there is encouragement of hazardous material export. Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) suggests that some residues from pesticides with organocholorine like DDT have traced to humans and the entire worldwide environment (Kraybill, 64). Interactions between different pesticide types have received significant attention.

Role of exposure and toxicity assessment among susceptibility mechanisms especially among children health has been greatly prioritized. The assessment and prediction of ecological impacts caused by pesticides has alerted health organizations to adverse effects of environment alterations. In this case, the assumptions I made when arriving at this risk assessment include ecosystem components cannot undergo any change without impacting humans directly or indirectly. In this case, humans are to benefit from all risks and uses involved with pesticides. This is meant to ensure critical system preservation as well as the environment.

Section four

In our daily lives, pesticides are pervasive and thus trying to evade them is not the easiest thing to do (Centers for Disease Control, 23). However, in case of risks involved with pesticides, I would first of all identify the various means through which I may be exposed and establish the most prevalent areas prone to pesticide use. My findings suggest that humans are environmentally exposed to pesticides through agricultural practices such as cropping, the direct consumption through food, or through inhalation.

In this case I would attempt to endeavor in avoiding areas prone to pesticide use to large extents, which includes farming areas. This in my opinion would be a good measure to refrain from inhaling the pesticides into my system. In addition, I would attempt to engage in healthy living implying that I would be careful on the kind of food I ingest. This means thoroughly cleaning my food to ensuring it has come from a reliable source. I would also engage in community practice as an attempt to raise awareness on the importance of good health and the adverse effects of pesticides. Raised awareness among the society in my opinion will prompt improved methods of pesticide use.

Section Five

Conclusion

Pesticides may have played an important role in increasing the yield of global foods, eliminating pests and diseases. However, research studies suggest that pesticides have had harmful effects to humans by compromising their health, especially sensitive individuals such as unborn children, people with existing illnesses, the elderly, and women to some extent. In this case, pesticides can be attributed to a wide variety of chronic and acute illnesses including brain injury, birth defects, and risks of cancer, disorders in reproduction, and liver and kidney damage. In our daily lives, pesticides are pervasive- from cosmetic and cleaning products, to outdoor wood structures and pest treatment (National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference, 32).

In addition, pesticides have also been traced in breast milk and this goes to show the risk factors involved with these chemicals. Therefore, there is dire need for health organizations to establish ways of recognizing and preventing health related problems associated with pesticide use. It is a necessary evil in our lives and needs to be controlled.

 

Works Cited

Centers for Disease Control (CDC).”Management and Control of Pesticides.” Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 35.20 (2006): 317-26. Print.

Kraybill, H F. “Biological Effects of Pesticides in Mammalian Systems.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 160 2005: 1-422. Print.

National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference: “Enhancing the Use and Quality of Pesticides.” (2010). Print.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Communications, Education, and Public Affairs. “Looking Ahead at Environmental Education: Only Through Education Can We Build a Sustainable Future.” Epa Journal. (2005). Print.

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LIBBY LARSON’S SONG CYCLE LOVE AFTER 1950

Libby Larsen was born in the year 1950, in Wilmington, Delaware. She is considered as one of the most fruitful and highly performing living composers in the United States of America. Libby is credited with a catalogue of close to two hundred artistic works that range from every genre. Her work spans from intimate vocal and chamber music to the widely popular massive orchestral and choral sores. She has constantly received praise for coming up with music that is dynamic, full of inspiration and one that captures the intense contemporary American spirit.

Libby has been sought over the years during the commissioning and premiering of great artists, ensembles and orchestras from virtually every part of the universe. She has been able to establish a permanent place where her works can be stored in the concert repertory. She is widely acclaimed as the solitary composer versed in the English dialect since the reigns of Benjamin Britten who have been able to match inspirational verses with fine music in an intelligent and expressing manner[1].

Libby is a composer who made ownership of the art of symphonic writing and a qualified mistress of orchestration. She is credited with assembling one of the most compelling structures of music of the modern times. Her music has received constant admiration for its clarity in texture simply rhythms that are easy to absorb and highly engaging melodic tours that end up rendering the act of singing as one of the most natural forms of expressions that  can be imagined. Libby has been able to develop a way that renders present-day opera to be both musically present and easily reached by the average audience. Her ability to compose new music that sinks in the memories of the audience and lies completely within the precincts of the conventional harmonic language is highly impressive[2].

One of her most acclaimed composition is her song cycle, “Love After 1950”. Libby knows this era precisely since she was born during this time. “Blonde men (A Torch Song)” is a lyrical piece in this cycle that symbolizes the physical aspect of love. The speaker in this piece reinstates her love for blonde men regarding their greenish gold of their eyebrows and lashes. The singer loves their character as indicated in the opening poetic phrase that says, “I think I ought to tell you that I hate blonde men before you break your heart.” by establishing whom the singer is addressing[3].

Her composition style is one of whereby rhythm tends to take on amore significant role as opposed to the traditional harmonic style. This is attributed to how she feels that the effects of a percussive world having besieged the human population. She describes the American language being consistent of beautiful rhythm. The American dialect and its rhythm therefore end up being the language of her music. Her fascination into researching on rhythmic patterns, pitch range and the phrase contours that comprise the American spoken language and in the process comes up with a process she refers to as “rhythmating”. This process facilitates her analysis of the various aspects of the spoken language[4].

She is able to develop color in the song cycle by focusing on the tonal areas and at the same time rendering the audience able to perceive the pitches that are not actually being played. This is done by way of acoustics. This is discovery in developing tone was probably discovered during her time at graduate school when she acted as a lab instructor in the classes on the acoustics of music. The insight gained during this time facilitates the development of a foundation whereby she feels the voice is in essence a stringed instrument[5].

Larsen’s harmonic style is mainly based on the repetitive intervals that facilitate the featuring of dramatic moments in the texts of her compositions especially in “Big sister says, 1967 and Boy’s Lips II”. The song cycle has been composed in horizontal manner in that the compositions tend to rely on the construction of musical motives that develop a feelings and emotions in the audience that cannot be expressed using words[6]. The various song titles tend to reflect the particular dance rhythm that ends up working as the basis for the song. The boy’s lips reflects the dance rhythm of a blues, blond men reflects that of a torch song the big sister says, 1967 reflects a honky-tonk, the empty song reflects a tango whereas I make my magic reflects an isadora’s dance[7].

Regarding the aspect of color and movement in her composition masterpieces, the artist draws inspiration from the natural surroundings. This can be evidenced when researching on the region of Minneapolis where she composed most of her works. The region is surrounded by lakes and creeks, and has an urban energy. This makes it possible to travel by canoe in the middle of the city. In this way, this impression has found its way in her music through the sense of movement from ground water and the transition of civilized energy to nature[8].

 

Bibliography

Alenier, Karren LaLonde. Talking Process with Composer Libby Larsen. “The Steiny Road to Operadom: The Making of American Opera. Bloomington, Ind.: Unlimited Publishing LLC, 2007.

Blackstone and Buchanan. ―Composing, Words, Music.”In Teaching Music Through Performance in Choir Vol. 2. Chicago: GIA Publications, 2007.

Boyer, Douglas R. ―Music Style and Gender in the Choral Music of Libby Larsen. Choral Journal, (October 1993): 17-28.

Claussen, Rene, Libby Larsen, Morten Lauridsen, Kirke Mechem, and Tom Wine. ―Libby Larsen.‖ In Composers On Composing for Choir/G7110. Chicago: GIA Publications, 2007.

Helmholtz, Hermann. On the Sensations of Tone. 2nd edition ed. New York: Dover Publications, 1954.

Kelly, Jennifer W. ―Libby Larsen Composes ‗Love Songs: Five Songs on Texts by Women Poets.‘ An Artist Identity Informs Her Work.‖ D.M.A. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2005. In Dissertations and Theses Full Text. Proquest, http://search.proquest.com/docview/305033210?accountid=14604 (accessed August 20, 2011).

Ketcham, Christopher. Notes from September 11: Poems and Stories. Petaluma, California: Wordrunner Chapbooks, 2004.

McCutchan, Ann. The Muse That Sings: Composers Speak About the Creative Process. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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Who am I?

I am a highly motivated person who is extremely organized with all my work in the school and at work. When it comes to time management, I am extremely organized to ensure that all my work both at school and at job do not collide. When it comes to the performance of duties at work, I believe in organizing them in a way that I am efficient to produce quality work. At school, I organize all my assignments and projects in a professional to produce quality work that leads to the improvement of my grades. Second, I am an honest. I have earned trust from my colleagues at work and friends in school due to my trust. I believe that being honest is the first key to becoming a successful person. However, I would love to change the skill of saying too much. For instance, I do not know when to keep quiet and when to talk. As a result, I end up hurting other people. I would also love to change my perfectionist skill. This is because people often fear touching my stuff or socializing with me to avoid conflicts.

One of my academic goals is to attain an accounting degree. In the next three years, I wish to attain an accounting degree as part of my academic goals for the purposes of becoming a fully qualified accountant. My second academic goal is to have completed Certified Public Accounts (CPA). For a person to become a better accountant he or she needs to have a professional qualification apart fro the degree. In this case, I wish to complete CPA to become a qualified accountant. Therefore, I need to complete my Bachelor Degree in Accounting and CPA in the next three years.

After accomplishing my academic goals, one of my professional goals is have a job that is related to the accounted. My main aim to study accounting is to become a qualified accountant working in a reputable organization. My second professional goal is to my own firm that deals with accounting. After gaining experience in the accounting field, I would like to open my own firm that performs accounting services to other companies. Therefore, my main professional goals are to be employed as an accountant in a reputable organization. Second, open my accounting firm after gaining experience. All goals I am planning to have completed them in the next three years.

In the process of achieving academic and professional goals, I would like to achieve my personal goals. First, I would like to purchase a house where I can call home. When I become a qualified accountant, I would like to purchase a house with the money that I would be paid. Second, I would love to have a family of my own. In this case, I would love to have a family that will fill the house that I will have bought. For the two personal goals, I am planning to have attained them in the next three years. However, the person goals will depend on the attainment of the other goals and other personal factors.

In order to complete these goals, I need an action plan. First, I need to enroll in the college where I can attend class for both CPA and Degree class. This is because I am planning to enroll in the two courses concurrently. I would like to be at the helm of the accounting department in the organization that I am working for by the time I am through with my academic goals. Finally, I would open my own firm once I have gained enough experience in the accounting field. Finally, when I am working on these goals, I would by a house on mortgage for the purposes of owning it in the next three years. Secondly, I will be trying to start a family while try to achieve the other goals.

The college will be the perfect start for achieving all my goals. This is because in the current world people are required to have academic papers for the purposes of acquiring better employment opportunities in the market. In this case, the college will help me in gaining my academic qualifications that will land me in a good employment opportunity. After achieving all this due to my education background from the college, I will be able to gather capital for business and a house for my family. Therefore, college is the key to success of my goals.

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Short Editorial for a Magazine

Cinemas and theaters are a source of revenue for the city, employment for creative individuals who have a passion for performances. The Abbey Theatre or the Irish National Theater has been a center for nurturing and growing talent in Ireland as it provides the budding artists the opportunity to air their talent to the public and the world such that they are discovered by big production companies looking for good actors. Dublin is a big city and it offers any adventurer the chance to experience entertainment on a new level due to the presence of numerous theatres and cinemas offering unique services. A list of the cinemas in Dublin is the Irish Multiplex Cinemas on Lower Georges street in Dun Laoghaire, Cine world cinemas is a leading cinema provider in Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Dublin as apart of a developed economy offers an efficient transport system. The Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) is a railway system that is administered by the operator of the system the Irish Rail (Iarnrod Eireann). This forms part of one of the most efficient rail systems in Europe. The system also enables the public to purchase weekly ticketing services or daily ticketing. The road system is equipped with traffic cameras at strategic positions to control traffic and as a measure to curb speeding and traffic offences committed by motorists. The road system is easy to navigate is it meets international standards because of the presence of dual carriageways and freeways. The presence of the Grand Cana in the middle of the city also provides the public with the opportunity to experience boats rides on the river that snakes its way around the city.

Ireland’s captivating natural scenery offers one of the best natural trails for cycling and nature walks. Nature trails and cycling routes are a source of revenue from tourist from different parts of the world. Cycling in Dublin is part of the society because people view cycling as healthy activity such that it is incorporated in as a daily activity fro keeping healthy and fit. In addition cycling on a daily basis to work is another concept that the residents of Durban have adopted which they accrue many benefits such as good health, fitness and reduction of gas emissions as more people abandon vehicles as a means of transport. The use of bikes as an alternative means of transport has been on the increase for the past few years because of the benefits associated with the benefit of cycling. The city has a fully mapped out bike-cycling path around the city that enables a biker easy and fast access to many of the city’s facilities. The use of a bicycle needs registration from the municipal council of Durban such that one is able to use the facilities provided by the city.

The universities within the city usually have cultural, fashion, and entertainment events that are thronged by people from all types such as celebrities, dignitaries, commoners and the students themselves. Such events form as basis of introducing the universities to the world. The city of Dublin has a large population that makes it the most vibrant city in Ireland. Dublin is marked by great historic architecture that is the highlight of Irish architecture. The architecture in Dublin can be attributed to the settlement of Scandinavian populations that influenced the designs of the buildings that still stand to date. Dublin as a town lying on the east coast of Ireland is marked by the presence of marine climate that is influenced by the cold winds from the sea to experience mild cold during winter and warmer in summer. Dublin lacks extreme temperatures because of its proximity to the colder arctic regions to the North. Dublin has a thriving nightlife because of the presence off universities within the proximity of the city centre. These entertainment spots are a hotspot for young revelers who flock these venues.

 

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United Way of America Control Mechanisms Paper

Control mechanisms are frequently incorporated in the policy structure of successful organization to regulate and maintain the organization’s standards, practices and processes. Control by definition means a device or mechanism aimed at normalizing the operation of system. Many organizations utilize controls in their organization structure for the regulation of their business activities. This is mainly to ensure that there is harmonization of the different work duties and the organization is therefore able to avoid many of the conflicts involved with having a large staff working together. Controls work a lot in enabling companies to restrain and right a typical behavior in addition to the prevention of the spread of problems and errors.

Traditionally, control is regarded as one of the elementary functions of management. The other being organizing, planning and coordinating.  The organization controls outline the fundamental mechanisms that administrators use to direct attention, motivate and encourage the members of staff to carry out their activities in the prescribed manner in meeting the objectives of the organization.

One of the control mechanisms that is predominantly used by the United Way of America organization is clan control. This mode of governance has gained its popularity over the years and has been adopted by most of the not-for profit organizations. The organization is primarily involved in community and volunteer programs within the various communities that comprise the organization. The control mechanism of the United Way of America is characterised by encouragement of team work and friendship among the various members of staff. This aspect transcends the roles and responsibilities of each of the members with the culture being maintained across the hierarchy (United Way of America, 1990).

Another aspect of this control mechanism is that founded on the tradition of promotion from within whereby the subordinates get the opportunity to rise across the ranks. This works in the creation of sense of family and understanding within the organization since most of the workforce have spent entire careers within the organization and have worked at various capacities within the organization as their rise through the ranks. Thirdly, the organization is mindful of the personal lives of its members of staff through facilitating their access to healthcare services, providing programs for the access of retirement benefits in addition to other discount programs. This control mechanism works in the creation of deep sense of ownership among the company personnel. This control mechanism is evidenced in the manner in which the organization engages in community and volunteer work. These activities work in fostering a community spirit whereby the personnel feels that they are working for a common good.

Another control mechanism that is incorporated by the organization is through the specialization and division of labor and responsibilities. This form of control mechanism is highly associated with bureaucratic control whereby an organization uses formal hierarchy and standards. The projects are undertaken by the organization are managed by specific teams. The organization also comprises of various departments tasked with the undertaking of specific responsibilities and activities. This system facilitates in the determination of the effective and efficient departments (Bateman, 2009).

In comparison, the two control mechanisms employed by the organization mainly serve to ensure that there is harmony within the workforce as the organization aims in meeting its goals and objectives. The two control mechanisms also serve to ensure that the organization operates at optimal capacity. Thirdly, the control mechanisms create independence and a sense of responsibility among the various members of staff. The underlying contrast between the two forms is that clan control builds motivation within its workforce by providing them with a sense of purpose whereas in the latter, motivation is primarily performance oriented (Bateman, 2009).

 

References

Bateman, S. (2009). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

United Way of America. (1990). United Way of America’s blueprint for volunteer diversity. Alexandria, VA: Volunteer and Community Initiatives Division, United Way of America.

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Jan Tschichold

Most people are more interested on the content inside a book, newspaper or a magazine than they are interested on the cover of the book or the advertisement appearing on the centre pages of the newspaper. However, the appearances of the cover of the book or the advertisement in the newspaper will dictate the attention to attract. This is where such art works as typography come in. Jan Tschichold, who was also trained in calligraphy, was an expert in this field of typography. His are of expertise was type designing which is in the field of typefaces (Tschichold & Jung, 2008). Tschichold’s works have been of great significance in modern/postmodern times and the social/political events. He not only made an impact in his time, but he also made an impact in the generations that succeeded him. Additionally, his works have used as a foundation to some other interesting works produced by other typographers such as Hans Schmoller, Richard Doubleday, amongst other designers. Jan Tschichold work was based on the parameters of modernism/post modernism as well as the social/political events.

Social/Political Events

During his initial years as a type designer, Tschichold worked using the blackletter typography, which was traditionally used by the Germans at the time. However, he did not prefer them and thus recommended the more modern types such as the sans-serif typefaces and other new typography. When the Nazis gained power, they seized most, if not all of his works because they thought that they posed a political threat to both the party and the country. Although most of his earlier works were not seen by many people due to the political atmosphere that was present by then, Tschichold partially tried to convey political messages (Bachfischer, Robertson & Zmijewska, 2008). Since typography was about writing, the mixture of words in order to create images was constantly used so that particular messages would be conveyed.

One of his famous pieces “Die Frau Ohne Namen”

            It is clear that Tschichold’s works had more of social influence than they had of political influence. In the above typography design, a couple of social activities and figure representations have been presented. The words “Die Frau Ohne Namen, Zweiter Teil” are followed with a number of socially related activities/representations such as the woman with a hat, the train, the child being held by the two people, amongst other images. The name “Frau” meaning “woman” has been related with various activities drawn seen in the images. The German statement means “the woman without names” which is a social representation of the diverse faces of a woman (MoMA, 2010).

Most of Tschichold’s works were seen in the books he designed especially when he worked at Penguin Books from 1947 to 1949. Since most of the books written by Penguin Books had a social aspect in them, Tschichold had to depict his works in a way that could portray the social aspect needed. Before his arrival at Penguin books, Tschichold had noted that the company did not incorporate any composition standards and rules. This is because the company relied upon diverse house rules and sample pages from printers who were contracted by the company. In order to bring legibility, consistency and balance in the majority of the books, which were accessed by the society, Tschichold decided to use classical typefaces for the texts that had long pages (Doubleday, 2006). These would be legible by people of all ages or the targeted audience.

As earlier indicated, typography would be used in the majority of the arenas. However, Tchichold chose to dwell on the books. They were the most accessible by the society at the time. Additionally, paperbacks had become popularized as a tool of mass media and thus he took advantage of this tool to portray the new ideas he had concerning typography. Although he had wanted to portray his new ideas about the use of typography for many years, his ideas were used almost twenty years after his recommendations. However, they are still used to the present day both olden and new uses of typography.

Modern/Post Modern Events

Die Neu Typographie

            Tschichold did not only influence modern typography, but he was also influenced by modern events. He is referred to as avant-garde. This is because he undertook experimental and new actions in the world of art. In his book “Die Neue Typographie”, he wrote rules that would standardize the usage of modern type (Heller, 2003). He was against all traditional typefaces in exemption of the sans-serifs. He felt that sizes of paper that were standardized were the best and so he brought forth guidelines, which would establish a type design in typographic hierarchy (Owens & Burke, 2008). Through the inspiration of Bahaus and Walter Gropius, Tschichold was able to show the world that new design ideas could be used in making the day-to-day printing better as seen in the Penguin books.

According to Tschichold, the purpose main purpose for any type of design was to communicate. The better a design was at passing a message; the more relevant it was to a designer. He felt that this function of typography could be achieved if the designers would incorporate sanserif types and asymmetrical designs into their work. During his encounter with the Nazis in Germany, he realized that asymmetry was not the only mode to use when designing printed matter. In his findings, he noted that typographic fundamentals were wider than what the majority of the designers perceived them to be. These fundamentals were dependent on the details that were narrow. According to Tschichold, all the details needed to be captured with elegance (Heller, 2003). These same processes are used today in web designs, advertising and other post-modern typography uses.

Paper designs and formats

            In “The Form of the Book”, Tschichold popularized Van de Graaf Canon. This type is used to divide pages into attractive proportions as far as book design is concerned. This type is still used to the present day. He also found that it was better using 1:1:2:3 margin proportions and 2:3 page proportions in depicting medieval manuscripts proportions. This idea was popularized when working at the five hundred paperbacks project in Penguin books (Doubleday, 2006). Due to the variety of the people accessing the books and the fact that times were changing with the innovation of new ideas, Tschichold allowed each work to dictate its outlook in accordance to its nature. Through such allowances, he was able to bring forth the needed effect as well as leave forth an allowance for any future adjustments.

Typefacing was his main area of expertise as much as he was an expert in typography as a general. During the years 1926 to 1929, he came up with an new set of alphabets as far as typefacing was concerned. This was done in order to correct some non-phonetic and multigraphs that were in the German language. Multigraphs such as sch and ch were replaced. The replacement of ‘eu’, ‘w’ and ‘z’ was done by ‘oi’, ‘v’ and ‘ts’ respectively. A Macron was put belowe the long vowels. However, the umlaut found above the German vowels was still maintained. Additionally, the Sabon was also introduced between the years 1966 and 1967 (Burke, 2007). This was brought forth in order to bring an effect similar to that of the linotype and the monotype systems. This was highlighted during the setting up of Washburn College Bible by Bradbury Thompson.

The change of alphabets

            Since his specialized with books, Tschichold wrote a number mistakes designers do when producing books. He stated that designers are fond of making books that are needlessly heavy, wide and large (Cahalan, 2007). According to him, such books repel the very thing that they are supposed to attract, which is the audience’s attention. The way a book us portrayed has a great role in knowing whether the message portrayed will communicated or not. Unattractive work will attract the least, if any, number of people that is meant to attract. Tschichold wrote these mistakes prior to his death as he saw that they would not only help the designers present then, but they would also guide the future designers. After dealing with books for the post part of his career life, he had noted such mistakes as being a great hindrance to the main function of typography.

Conclusion

Tschichold was influenced by the social-political and modern/post modern events, as he influenced the same. His impact in the arena of typography and especially typefaces can only be described as phenomenal. Through paperbacks, he was able to influence the communication industry especially in the arena of advertising. The ideas he brought forth and his works at Penguin books are still seen to the present day. The attention to the small details that he emphasized on has been incorporated in web-design and other areas that incorporate typography. Such details include letter spacing, font size, amongst other important details in typefaces. During his earlier years, Bolshevism was seen as a major influence in his works. In the later years, the need to leave the traditional ways of using blackletters, which was greatly embedded in the German culture was also seen to trigger his quest for modern ways of portraying typography. Very few people can argue that Jan Tschichold made a lasting impact in the field typefaces typography.      

References

Bachfischer, G., Robertson, T., & Zmijewska, A. (January 01, 2008). Understanding Influences of the Typographic Quality of Text. Journal of Internet Commerce, 6, 2, 97-122.

Burke, C. (2007). Active literature: Jan Tschichold and new typography. London: Hyphen

Cahalan, A. (2007). Type, trends and fashion: A study of the late twentieth century proliferation of typefaces. New York, N.Y: Mark Batty Publisher.

Doubleday, R. (2006). Jan Tschichold at Penguin Books: A Resurgance of ClassicalBook Design. Retrieved From www.dis.uia.mx/conference/2005/HTMs-PDFs/PenguinBooks.pdf

Heller, S. (2003). Merz to Emigre and beyond: Avant-garde magazine design of the twentieth century. London: Phaidon Press.

Museum of Modern Arts (2010). The Collection: The New Typography. MoMA Retrieved From http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3ATA%3AE%3Aex4672&page_number=54&template_id=1&sort_order=4

Owens, S., & Burke, C. (January 01, 2008). Active Literature: Jan Tschichold and New Typography. Journal of Design History, 21, 4, 393-395.

Tschichold, J., & Jong, C. . (2008). Jan Tschichold: Master typographer : his life, work & legacy. London: Thames & Hudson.

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Trends and Future Conditions of Wal-Mart

            The retail industry has been characterized by dynamism and unpredictable trends. The market is continually changing calling for move savvy entrepreneurs who are able to decipher market trends and project future customer needs to stay in touch with the market. Wal-Mart is currently the largest retail company in the globe. The company boasts of worldwide outlets with its base in the United States of America. However, the company also has to come to terms with the dynamic market trends and approach them decisively to maintain its global market niche. Market trends such as market structure, the effect of new entrants in the market, prices, technology and other aspects such as productivity and cost structure including government regulations indicate that company is highly likely to stay at the top in the future (Krafft, & Mantrala, 2006).

There is the undeniable fact that the company’s growth is unstoppable if the company is to abide by its values, mission statement and goals. This indicates the company’s market structure is likely to stay the same. Through the application of the concentration ratio method, it is evident that the company’s annual sales will remain higher in comparison to other market players in the industry. However, these other players are still bound to give the company a run for their money since their presence in the market is bound to remain. Bearing in mind that the company is an oligopoly, the company will continue with its expansionist strategy, opening up new stores and launching into new markets using strategic pricing. This growth will mean that some companies that will have to fold up while others registering minimized sales. The company will continue growing based on its cartel model and the restriction of new entrants into the market. Although this may lead the company into being a monopoly in certain markets, its low-pricing strategy will ensure the customers benefit from competitive prices and a wide variety of choices (Jefferys, & Knee, 1962).

The future indicates that there will also be new entrants in the market. This will consequently have the effect of having Wal-mart price its products even lower. The company maintains the advantage of having a wide variety of suppliers thus reaps the benefit of purchasing from the cheapest supplier. Having suppliers from all over, the world also ensures that the company can acquire the best quality raw materials. This ensures that the company avails to the customer products that are both of high quality and relatively low prices in comparison to the new entrants. In this case, new entrants will minimally affect the company’s position in the competitive field or its potential. However, the new entrants may have the effect of having the company reviewing its image, take careful consideration of the local cultures and look into new products to cater to the high-income shoppers.

Changes in prices highly affect the structure of the company. This is mainly because is founded on the policy of providing products at the lowest prices. Future trends on prices indicate that these will continue to rise. This is mainly attributed to the global inflation levels. Since the company, is not capable of controlling global inflation, then future increase in prices will negatively affect the company in keeping up with its policy of availing products at cheap prices (Heilbrunn, & American Marketing Association, 1995).

Technological advances are inevitable. However, such will end up cementing the company’s position at the top in the market. This is primarily because the company highly adopts new technology and uses its for its won advantage. This can be evidenced through the way the company has adopted E marketing into its organization structure and now consumers can now purchase commodities at remote locations. Changes of wages and benefits in the future are bound to influence negatively Wal-Mart’s potential in the market, its position in the competitive field Government regulations are also bound to change in the future. This is because the company boasts of having employed very many employees. If each of these employees is going to have their wages and benefits increased, the increase in costs may therefore be passed on to the consumer. This is primarily because the world is now crossing over into globalization whereby states are being compelled to abandon policies that restrict free market. Globalization and the inception of free market have been known to favor multinational companies highly in comparison to local companies. Wal-Mart, being a multinational company, is also bound to benefit from this and therefore facilitate its growth (Baumohl, 2005).

 

References

Baumohl, B. (2005). The secrets of economic indicators: Hidden clues to future economic trends and investment opportunities. UpperSaddleRiver, N.J: WhartonSchool Pub.

Heilbrunn, J., & American Marketing Association. (1995). Marketing encyclopedia: Issues and trends shaping the future. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

Jefferys, J. B., & Knee, D. (1962). Retailing in Europe: Present structure and future trends. London: Macmillan.

Krafft, M., & Mantrala, M. K. (2006). Retailing in the 21st century: Current and future trends. Berlin: Springer.

 

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