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Cost of Apple Products

The world has evolved rapidly due to the new technology that has enabled business to be done globally. Globalization has enabled people and companies to interact in a way that was not possible a decade ago. New technology has resulted in products that are extremely advanced such that no one could have envisioned the development of such products in the present day. In the present day, the most profitable companies are involved in sale of technology-based products that are attractive to consumers around the globe the companies are using cheap labor and exposing their workers to hazardous working conditions. It seems that the end justifies the means for such companies because of the high-in demand goods produced by use of cheap and underage labor exposed to hazardous conditions in production. The driving force behind the abuse of the labor is the efforts by the companies to get the cheapest alternatives for production regardless of the hazardous conditions those who are producing the good are exposed.

Apple is such a company that has outdone itself to surpass expectation of its growth due to its development of innovative products that are appealing to consumers from all corners of the world (Duhigg & Barboza, 6). However, the success has attracted controversy due to the use of cheap labor to make products that are sold for considerably high prices yet the labor used is remunerated poorly and exposed to harsh working conditions that are not fit for humans. In addition, several companies fall into this group of companies that use cheap labor to make innovative products. Thus, companies justify their means of producing by the products made. The society also has role to play for not reprimanding such companies to ensure that they provide safety and good working conditions that are equal to the high standard goods they produce.

Employees are also forced to work for long hours yet the Apple policy on working hours restricts the working time to 60 hours a week. Despite of the apple’s own laws putting a cap on the time that should be worked on a weekly basis, the supplying companies operate on a level of independence from their buyer, Apple, and from the authorities. The reason for this kind of laidback behavior can be attributed to the lack of concern by the governing management of these supplier firms. This might be attributed to the differences in the view of both countries, the United States and China on what they consider morally acceptable (Duhigg & Barboza, 18). To China, the use of cheap and underage labor might have existed since the period of dynasties whereas in the United States people are entitled fair and equal pair and the prohibition of the use of underage labor. Despite being, reprimanded Apple continued with its efforts to have more of its products manufactured by use of heap labor from their Chinese suppliers. Low-level employees talked of having parted with money as recruitment fees to get jobs in the companies. Apple does not have information regarding bribery to get employment, which amounts to bribery.

Foxconn, an Apple Product supplier is a clear depiction of impunity in the modern world. It conducts operations with total disregard for the workers under its care. The use N-hexane a chemical, which evaporates quicker than alcohol-based chemicals, was used. The gas might also have contributed to the fire disasters coupled by the presence of combustible aluminum dust (Duhigg & Barboza, 21). The harsh working conditions also paved way for mental instability of the workers because they were subjected to pressure and stress in the work place thus the numerous suicides in the company premises. Employees were subjected to inhumane living conditions in the dorms that were provided by the company for workers to reside such that the premises were crowded. The workers were also subjected to continuous shifts and extended overtime whereby workers would conduct his work for more than twelve hours a day and yet they were paid inconsiderate amounts for overtime and extended shifts.

For instance on May 2011, there was blast at Foxconn, an iPad maker in China where the Apple Company has several manufacturing companies who supply the company with their products. The blasts was attributed to the presence of aluminum dust used in the polishing of the iPads which lit up and caused a blast due to a lot of heat in the premises. The heat made the aluminum to combust and resulted in an explosion. However, companies try to conceal the accrual happenings to prevent the public from knowing the truth and understanding how such companies operate with total disregard for human life (Duhigg & Barboza, 26). In addition, this was not the first incident that involved the loss of human life due to exposure to hazardous working conditions. Two years earlier Apple suppliers in China were injured by the use of a harmful chemical used to clean cell phone screens.

Companies misusing labor are insensitive to the needs and the lives of their laborers .exposure to chemicals without the necessary safety gear to protect oneself from harm of the chemicals is a violation of the International Labor Organization (ILO) laws (Duhigg & Barboza, 28). The laws emphasize that laborers dealing with harmful equipment or chemicals should be in proper attire to protect them from harm or mitigate the harms when it occurs. The primary interests of companies taking advantage of cheap labor are to make the most profit by maximizing production using the cheapest available source of labor.Wintek, a supplier of parts to Apple was claimed to have  pressured workers who had been injured in the execution of their duties were forced to take compensation and resign from their positions

Apple has the capacity to cease from the production of their goods by the use of cheap labor. Apple detests from taking action against suppliers who violate labor laws because of the stakes it has in the supply of goods. This is a clear illustration that Apple is not willing to forego the privileges that come with access to cheap labor that can be manipulated to meet their market needs. Keeping production costs low in a company is a great feat in any firm and is a clear illustration of the determination of the management to gain more profits, however this has been done by apple using the wrong approach.

Apple does not terminate contracts with suppliers due to non-compliance but instead gives warnings to the suppliers if they promise to try to improve the working conditions of their factories (Duhigg & Barboza, 46). If Apple were serious in reprimanding the companies and asking them to improve the working conditions of their factories, the companies would promptly comply with such regulations. The company company’s efforts were to avert embarrassment that would result from the public knowing the use of harsh working conditions and not to solve the problem. Lack of transparency also contributes to the continued use by Apple of its current supplier as the public or authorities do not know the origin of the parts supplied to the main suppliers of the finished goods to the company.

Apple as a leading company, which draws admiration from all quarters, should set a good precedent in ensuring that suppliers use the right labor and provide good working conditions by stating such in their contracts. Apple would instill discipline in a rogue labor sector that is characterized by greed for profits. Moreover, consumers should demand better conditions in factories abroad similar to factories such as Nike and Gap, which changed their conduct as a result from public pressure to change their strategies in the use of cheap labor and exposing people to harsh working conditions. Countries which are the base of suppliers who use misuse public labor are not reprimanded because of the benefits such jobs bring to their economies  their populace is in need of jobs that have become scarce thus the opportunity for employment proves to be irresistible to the unemployed public. In additions job provided by such companies provide the much-needed revenue to the government for improving infrastructure and other government spending.

 

 

Work cited

Duhigg, Charles & Barboza, David. “In China, Human Costs Are Built Into an iPad.” The New York Times. January 25, 2012:30. Print.

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American Express Company- 2011 Fiscal Year

Main Sections of the Annual Report

The report contains a detailed review of the company’s fiscal year. This particular section has the executive overview that gives details of the activities carried out by the company. The paper also explains the various financial goals of the company. A financial summary of the financial performance is given and compared to that of the previous year. The report also gives critical accounting estimates where the company gives the structures that it has put in place to deal with some of the financial setbacks that they experienced during the fiscal year. Statistical information is also given on card member loans and receivables. This section also highlights the cash flow from investment and operation activities. Funding and capital strategies are also given.

The report contains the consolidated financial highlights of the year. The highlight is a comparison of the revenue of the 2011 fiscal year to that of 2010 fiscal year. The analysis shows a variance of more than 100%. Apart from the revenue, the highlight shows the company’s assets, number of employees and shares details. In relation to 2010, most the areas of the company have shown an increment. The area of cash dividend declared per share has been maintained at $0.72 from the previous year. The report also has notes on the consolidated report that give further explanation of the fiscal activities of the company.

Factors Influencing the Financial Performance

One of the factors that led to financial growth was the company’s efficiency and investment. The company decided to develop strategies that would enable them to take advantage of the competitive opening that had been created by the period of recession. Major focus was placed on new business opportunities and aggressive marketing and promotion strategies. The company involved itself with strategic acquisitions. Efficiency was also expressed in the company’s ability to control its expenses. This was through reducing costs and while increasing the quality of the services offered by the company employees.

The success of the company can also be attributed to their digital convergence. Digital convergence describes the ability to bring together the dimensions of commerce and the online world. The company has a virtual network that connects millions of its stakeholders and clients around the world. This kind of network has enabled the company to build relationships that have brought the success of the business.

Company’s Primary Assets

The company’s main assets are cash and its equivalent, receivables, short-term investments and prepaid expenses. Cash is the company’s liquid asset. This is in the returns that the company receives as profit. The cash assets of the company are also present in the cash that is due from banks. The company also has receivables from the card members. These particular receivables are securitized by transferring them to trusts. Prepaid expenses are also some of the assets that the company has. These are like miles and reward points acquired from partners with transportation companies. The short-term investments are in form of the company’s restricted cash that has been held for asset maturities.

Management’s Control of the Internal Environment

The company has an effective internal environment control structure. The efficiency of the company is according to a report given by Pricewaterhousecoopers. The financial statements and records give a correct reflection of the financial position of the business. Transactions of the company are also recorded to ensure that they aid in efficient financial reporting. The company provided assurance concerning detection of unlawful use of assets belonging to the company.

 

Reference list

American Express Company (2012). 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://ir.americanexpress.com

 

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Business

In the article, “Bringing Social Media to the Writing Classroom: Classroom Salon,” by Kaufer, the author talks about the use of a new technology, known as the IText technology, which bears the name, ‘Classroom Salon. Its main purpose is to integrate some social media benefits, such as expressing a community’s identity to classroom writing. The technology offers features similar to facebook where students have a chance of creating their own network where they can share information. The article centers on the use of the social media such as blogs where teachers can interact with students, instead of the traditional classroom writing. The authors cites that as the social media use in this way grows at a rapid pace, it is at the expense of traditional classroom writing (Kaufer, Gunawardena, Tan and Cheek 301).

The article is meant for people who are already aware of the topic. The technical terms are not explained, since the article is meant for people who are already aware of the technology. The article further uses long sentences with technical terms that are not understood by people without the knowledge of the technology. The vocabulary used is very technical, explaining how the technology can be integrated into the classroom writing. The authors assume the reader is aware of the technology even at the start where they talk about the technology being used several years ago. The verb tense is in present continuous, where the authors talk about training, writing, as well as other important verbs within the sentences.

Despite the article being technical with long sentences, I found it helpful considering it was talking about using the technology in question in classroom writing. The article does not give a detailed meaning of the technology, which makes a person who is not aware of it, intrigued, wondering what it is, and further making it harder. However, considering the article has tried to explain in detail its use in the classroom according to its title, I find it quite helpful.

Question 5

The author of ‘Take on the Street,’ Arthur Levitt, uses several styles of writing to make his article easy to understand. The article talks about a cash flow statement, one of the financial statements in a business. The article intends to inform people who may not know what a cash flow statement is, since it is more concerned with defining it, as well as defining and explaining its contents in details. He also takes time to explain each technical phrase used, meaning it is for people who may not know about a cash flow. For instance, when he mentions the phrase ‘cash from operating activities,’ he first introduces what is included in this part (Arthur 82). The phrase itself is not quite technical; however, a person who does not know anything about accounting might remain in the dark without such an explanation.

The author uses very simple words to explain the meaning of a cash flow, there are no technical terms used that are too hard for anybody to understand. In addition, he engages the reader through a one-way conversation as though he were telling it directly to a person in front of him. This draws the attention of the reader as if one is listening to a teacher giving a lecture. His paragraphs are well developed, starting with a broad statement then going into details concerning the subject in the paragraph. For instance, in the first paragraph, he says that one has to understand what a cash flow is in order to quality of the earnings in a company. He further goes ahead to explain what a cash flow is, and compares with other statements. Towards the end, he is more specific and into deeper detail. The following paragraph digs deeper by talking about its parts. The sentence length does not go too far to explain many ideas, but they are complete in explaining each idea, and drawing to the next.

 

Work cited

Kaufer David, Ananda Gunawardena, Aaron Tan and Alexander Cheek. “Bringing Social Media to the Writing Classroom: Classroom Salon.” Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 25.3 (2011): 299-321.

Levitt, Arthur. Take on the Street. New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 2002.

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Japan modernization and restoration

Introduction

Long before the Island of Japan was developed; it seemed to lie silently at its place. This was until United States found interest in relating with it and sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to sign a treaty. Japan was reluctant to do this and they wanted Perry to leave their nation. Eventually the treaty was made because possible by two factors. The first was the need for USA to trade with China and they needed to refuel using coal. Japan had huge deposits of coal, which they sold to Perry’s troupe. In the next several years, Japan found itself with unequal treaties with other countries like Russia, France, Britain and Dutch. The country faced a threat of having too much foreign control. Japan took action against the western control through their initial leaders. Later on, they accepted westernization and reforms during the Meiji era and Perry’s influence (Baxter & Joshua, 20).

Sakuma Shozam       

Sakuma Shozan’s literature was written after he was out after a short term of imprisonment. He supported modernization and reforms but insists it is important to maintain the values and ethics of Japan. This is why he had a policy that stated people could embrace western science techniques but maintain Eastern ethics. He did not believe in being carried away by western culture and abandoning his own. He also wanted to the people to avoid foreign influence and use only when necessary. The piece of literature uses many examples of mobilizing people to allow modernization in improving their lives. For example, he says that a person has a sick relative and the medication is rare to find. Fortunately, the medicine is found and the person acquires it. Shozan says he will beseech his relative to take for him or her to get well. He will not mind the quality of name or the cost. In case the relative declines because he dislikes the name, he will administer to him or her secretly (Shozan, 2010). This phrase was putting emphasis on the need for adapting important reforms and modernization. His main point was the people should not turn down western modernization for no viable reasons. Just as the medicine is important to the sick relative is the same way Japan should allow essential development from the western countries.

Shozan continues to tell the people that they should not only adapt scientific techniques but also virtues from west. He specifically rules out greed of power and wealth, which seem to affect the western people. All other important values like honesty, love and patriotism, they are allowed to emulate. Most of all the concerns, he addresses national defense. He was worried because there was not much advancement in the military. The country could have vulnerable to foreigners influence. He said that even though the people did not want intrusion from foreigners, it would be impossible. The artillery is poorly made and this makes the military weak to keep defense. The leaders are also less concerned because they do not have the capacity of keeping away adversaries. These problems in national defense could only be addressed by improving the military using western technology. Japan had to acquire education from west and use it to improve their country (Shozan, 2010).

The key to reforms and modernization was embracing education. All the developments and reforms could only be made when people of Japan had to be educated. Shozan specifically mentioned Mathematics as one of the most important subject in advancing military tactics. He insisted that the military has to complete this course if it expected to be successful. He compared their current teachings from Sunzi and stated that their system remained dormant with no chance for growth. This is why it was important to borrow from the west. Mathematics was not the only thing to learn from West. He said it was important to learn their Native language. This was the best way to study them and their motives. The general idea of Sakuma Shozan was to lay out the importance of allowing modernization and reforms in Japan. However, they should not blindly embrace every culture, but choose only the beneficial ones (Shozan, 2010).

Iwasaki Yataro

This writer was concerned about trade in Japan. He was against the idea of foreigners having total control on coastal trade. He did agree that there are advantages of trading with foreigners, but they should not be allowed to make unfair treaties and dominate Japan’s trade. To him, self-governance was part of modernization and making reforms. This is why foreigners should only make necessary trade relations with the country and not beyond that. He outlined some disadvantages of foreign control on the coastal trade. For example, most of the citizens would lose their jobs and business opportunities. It would also compromise the country’s security because the foreigners might learn the country’s defensive tactics (Yataro, 2011).

Modernization is not only making positive changes in the country but also preserving what rightfully belongs to the country. Yataro makes it clear when he alerts the people to be careful not to dangerously engage with foreigners. Independence is part of modernization because colonialism and slavery is outdated. Therefore, engaged carelessly with foreigners can result to neo-colonialism. On the other hand, he agrees that it is very important to allow foreigners to participate in coastal trade because they would open up a wider market. For example, the Americans bought coal from Japan as they proceeded to go and trade with China. Both local and international trade would enhance the country’s economy. One of the reforms made under the influence of Yataro is eliminating to the dominion of Pacific Mail Company from USA. Heretofore Company was given protection by the government and support from employees and the rest of the country. This was where Yataro worked so his influence began from where he worked (Yataro, 2011).

Other reforms done that were suggested by Yataro were made in the work places. He suggested that there was no need of having insignificant positions in work places. This would cut down on expenditures. He added that other unnecessary costs should also be eliminated. The company will enjoy a bigger margin and have easier administration. He explained that it had been a major factor causing hard times in the past. He encouraged all workers to engage in hard work and the administration to make the required reforms. It would result to success in the companies. He called upon all people to join him in efforts of bringing positive change in the country. His main goal was to gain full dominion of the coastal trade in Japan. He emphasized that this would be the greatest achievement for the country and the whole world would know (Yataro, 2011).

Japan’s commitment to westernization and reforms

            The unequal treaties made the country feel they were being deceived by foreigners. Therefore, they worked hard to embrace industrialization and scientific revolutions. They realized that they could not get rid of the treaties in their current state because had an inferior state. They also felt the need to be competitive in the modern world. The first thing was to bring a state of unity and nationalism in the country. Making reforms and modernization would be possible only if there was unity in the country. They started education, which not only made people literate but also promoted patriotism. The military learnt not to question authority and sacrifice themselves in serving the country (Baxter & Joshua, 67).

After achieving national pride, the oligarchs started on the reforms. They made sure that the Samurai status was ended. They were no longer allowed to have swords and warrior class became bureaucrats. Initially peasants used to carry arm but they were forbidden. Instead, they were enrolled in the army and they could serve the country in a better way. The old and outdated type of education was abandoned and good schools were built. They adopted the western education system. Later, infrastructure was built. Telegraphs were readily available, railway lines, all weather roads and postal services. Through the western scientific techniques, Japan was able to improve it shipbuilding technology. Another industrial that really did well was in textile. Its development enabled it to supply more than a third of world silk. The exports boosted shipbuilding by seven percent in 1893. By the year 1913, the improvement had risen up to fifty two percent (Baxter & Joshua, 82 ).

This progress in Japan was very big considering the number of years. It was made possible by the fact that the people agreed to accept change and become flexible. During the Meiji era, Japanese were good in baseball and it was the most popular sport. They had definitely borrowed the game west yet they played it with so much expertise. There is an interesting story behind baseball in Japan. Americans felt proud because they were the pioneers of this game. therefore, they were the best (97). They felt that they needed to show off to the Japanese. However, it took the next five years for the Japanese to agree to a game. It was to happen in a club that Japanese were never allowed. In addition to this, the audience of comprised of Americans who booed down the Japanese. Surprisingly, the Japanese won that game and another that was organized. This act showed the determination and hard work in the Japanese.

The country ensured that children got the best education. The missionaries who were in the country initiated exchange programs for students. Students had an opportunity of going learn from other countries. Many students came home and got important roles in the Meiji era. Japan also involved itself in open relation with other countries. For instance, it invited advisors from foreign countries (Baxter & Joshua, 191). During this era, there were about twenty thousand foreigners from twenty-three countries. Despite the advice from foreigners, the people did not blindly embrace all western culture and abandon their own. They only considered what was relevant and left out the rest. This is why the country is popular with its cultures of art, which was initially there in the traditional days.

Conclusion  

            Many people categorize Japan as a country that rationally chose what it needed from the west. For example, they emulated science techniques, infrastructure, education and social system. They used them to suit their needs and it worked very well for them. This was successful because before they allowed western influence the oligarchs studied it in those western countries. Therefore, they were sure how to apply it in their country and make it relevant. Since that era, the generations have continued the culture of technological advancement. Japan is one of the most technologically developed countries in the world. They use the most advanced methods of agriculture. It has a strong economy because the citizens are hard- working people. In fact, they are considered workaholics. The government always requests them to have enough rest because they work too much. Japanese people attract attention from all over the world because of their interesting culture (Baxter & Joshua, 211).     

Works cited

Baxter, James C, and Joshua A. Fogel. Writing Histories in Japan: Texts and Their Transformations from Ancient Times Through the Meiji Era. Kyoto, Japan: InternationalResearchCenter for Japanese Studies, 2007. Print.

Iwasaki Yataro. Sources of Japan History. Letter to Mitsubishi Employees. 2008. 7^th March 2012

Sakuma Shovan. Eastern Ethics and Western Science. Reflection on my errors. 2010. 7^th March 2012.

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History of American civilization

American civilization was because of the dissatisfaction the American population had with the rule by the British who were oppressive because of the extortive taxes the Americans paid. The British also prevented the Americans from conducting trade with any of the countries from Europe, which were advanced in maritime business such as Spain and France.

The civilization of the American continent began when the Americas were discovered by the voyagers from Spain, Britain and France. The Spanish took the southern America, which is why they speak Spanish whereas the French took Canada, which is why some regions in Canada speak French. When the first Americans arrived in North America from Britain, they spread into the interior of the continent, namely present Canada and United States.

The British took the continent from the Native Americans and declared northern America part of the British colony. Several factors attributed to the use of rebels to fight in the civil war. They dwelt on the large numbers of able-bodied fighters who did not have people to lead them in the fight, and thus they were enticed with material possessions. The colonies however struggled to shake themselves off from the British rule because they were burdened with taxes, which were used in Britain and not America this angered, the people and thus they opted to rebel. The Americans pushed for representation in the parliament but their efforts proved futile, as they demonstrated claiming ‘no taxes, without representation’ hence the call for unity among the oppressed colonies to fight the common enemy, the British regime.

Another factor, which contributed to the use of rebels to fight in the civil war, was the lack of unity among the different colonies. The colonies lacked a common front to fight their enemy thus they were manipulated and promised rewards from the British monarchy. The shift from the royal subjects to irate rebels was the need to win the war using the cheapest means of fighting In addition the irate rebels were familiar with the territory and could be easily manipulated with gold and other material possessions. Most of the rebels who helped the British were peasants or highway robbers who were attracted by the material wealth they were promised. The British were desperate to maintain the colonies and thus they sought to win the civil way in any way possible. The presence of rebels who were also part of the American population proved to be a very enticing alternative because they acted as spies for the British soldiers.

The American rebels were used to maintain the status quo such that the British could restrict trade of the Americans with any foreign countries. The trade with other countries would have enabled the states to pool adequate resources to fight the British monarchy. Furthermore, trade with foreign countries would have enabled the colonies to purchase weapons such as guns, which were highly regarded during that period because of their effectiveness in battle. In addition, some of the British monarchy representative wanted to take control of the whole regions and thus formed their own armies in efforts to sabotage the British efforts to control the whole of America. Moreover, the British had resources such as food, horses, guns and a tactical military. This enabled them to win over the hearts of the few Americans who wanted to defect due to their fear of the firepower that the British military possessed. In addition, the British had a sophisticated naval force that was highly regarded during that period

The efforts of the British failed because their efforts were greedy and oppressive in their quest to obtain rule over the colonies. In addition, the unity of the thirteen American colonies was great boost to their fight against oppression from the British regime. During the war, the British were not in plenty as the Americans and thus the numbers of the fighters enabled the Americans to rebel against the British rule.

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Semester Project Business Ethics

Ethics are regarded as the moral codes of conduct that govern good behavior. Ethical behavior brings about ethical issues and dilemmas where individuals have to deliberate on what is the right way of approaching or executing a certain duty. During my employment career, there are several ethical situations that have had to be tacked. During one of the college long vacations, I worked for a popular eating and drinking establishment that was located at the local beach. The restaurant was appealing to its local customers due to its nightly bands and local entertainment. The management had fronted an official uniform for the waitresses that included tight jeans and a “Sandtrap” T-shirt. Business peaked during summer when most people were on vacation but dwindled in the winter.

The administration therefore suggested to the waitresses to adorn low-cut and tight-fitting shirts and very short shorts as a new strategy of increasing the sales. This strategy was double edged as it ended up increasing sales but also led to some of the customers making sexual advances, lewd and abusive comments to the waitresses. This leads to the waitresses being offended by the fact that they have to be scantily dressed in the cold and for being abused by the customers. They later confront the patron and tell him that they cannot continue to dress scantily but he tells them to put up with it for the moment. The patron is therefore in a dilemma since he has to deliberate on what to do. Allowing the waitresses to revert to their original attire could mean dwindling sales while continuing with the practice could mean possible loss of workers and litigation.

The implementation of this strategy brought about various practical constraints. The change of attire in ones that were unbearable to the waitresses formed a basis for the latter to complain. The law is clear on the issue of abuse. None of the staff should be exposed to abuse especially when the short skirts are the one causing them to be provoked. There is the issue of discrimination since the waitresses were treated differently in comparison to their male counterparts (Penslar, 45).

Ethical subjectivism is whereby the moral standards are dictated on will, human nature or divine. This being a corporate venture, the most relevant will when the human will is concerned, and the patron has to abide purely on the legislative law to form basis for his judgment. On the other hand, if the will is divine, then the divine command theory of ethics will form basis for the patron the deliberate on the nest course of action. This being an entertainment restaurant, it is highly unlikely the patron is religious since many religions are against their members working at such establishments.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory whereby the patron’s decision is merely based on the consequences of his course of action. To a utilitarian, the course of action that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is regarded as the one that is ethically correct. If the patron is to deliberate based on utilitarianism, then he is also in a dilemma since insisting that they continue wearing the attire could lead to some losing jobs but make the business earn maximum profits that is if new staff is to be hired. On the other hand, revoking the new law could lead to a higher benefit in part of the waitress but also lead to decreased losses. Under the rights ethical theory, the rights that are set by the given society are to be adhered to and given the highest priority (Penslar, 60).

Organizations to some extent define what is to be considered as right or wrong. Organizations such as respectable companies usually emphasize on the rights of the employees and work to the effort of creating sub-departments to look into their affairs. There are other organizations that are mainly characterized by the emphasis on profits. These profit oriented organizations influence every leader to make judgments and execute strategies that are mainly aimed at maximizing the profits.  This environment of influence is mainly creating by the management and other industry players. In the industry of restaurants and entertainment clubs, the organizational standards indicate that the customer is always king, anyone else is to work in the effort of pleasing the customer and maximizing the profits. With this regard, the organization influences the patron to maintain the policy of having the waitresses dress scantily since it works to please the customer and also goes ahead to maximize the earnings.

Since business entities are mainly set up to reward the capital invested by the investors. This forms a high source of influence since cut throat competition and the need to maximize the profits makes the management to implement strategies and make deliberations that are purely aimed at maximizing the profits. This is mainly why the management subjected the waitresses to the harsh winter climate clothed in scanty clothes merely to maximize on the profits. This is also the reason why other business entities will go the extent of indulging in other forms of unethical and immoral behavior such as child labor for the sole purpose of minimizing cost and maximizing on profits.

Personal motivation is highly influential in the deliberation process. This is because, since the decision making process is personal affair and minimally exercised as a group, the attitude, beliefs and values of an individual highly influence the decision that is arrived at. As an example, if the patron is supposedly a religious person, then he would have ended up taking a choice that was in conformity with his religion. This would be in utter disregard of the stand of the legislative law, the demands of the administration, the plight of the waitresses but the sole stand of the deity in belief.

During this experience, my expectation was that the deliberation of the patron would be first of all based on the legislative law of the state. This to my belief is priority since it dictates whether the business entity can run in the future. Disregard of state law brings about punitive repercussions on any business entity such as costly fines and to some extreme extent the closure of the business entity. With this regard, the patron should have analyzed the state’s stand regarding the rights of the employees before taking any other step. If the current strategy of attracting customers employed by the business is not legal, then this ought to stop with immediate effect. Secondly, a utilitarian perspective would be most plausible where the cost versus benefit method is taken. This would of course be in conflict with the organization’s goals since it is apparent that the goal of the organization is to maximize on profits in utter disregard of the cost on other stakeholders.

The establishment of rules is very important in any organization and institution since it highly facilitates the deliberation processes. The establishment of rules also works a lot in ensuring that contradicting strategies are implemented within the institution and thereby alleviating instances of ethical dilemmas on the serving leaders.

This situation ended up creating several ethical issues that needed to be immediately addressed. There is the aspect of sexual harassment by the customers that the patron needs to address with immediate effect. Another ethical issue that is raised is that whether the management has the right to force the waitresses to wear uncomfortable clothing in front of the customers. This also leads to the issue of unhealthy working condition in the work place whereby the waitresses are exposed to undue cold during winter. Another ethical issue that crops up is whether there is discrimination when the male counterparts are allowed to wear the original uniform.

The primary stakeholders in this issue are the management, the patron and the waitresses. Any course of action that is to be deliberated is to take into account the resulting impact on these primary stakeholders. This is especially relevant if the patron is a utilitarian whereby his judgment is based on the greatest benefits to the most people.

The possible alternatives that are open to the patron include abandoning the new strategy of having the waitresses to put on scanty attire against their wishes. The patron also has the option of continuing with the implementation of the strategy and fire any personnel who fails to comply with the directive. The patron can abandon the strategy and seek other measures that can both attract customers and friendly to the entire staff. This could include the hiring of a few exotic dancers who could entertain the clients as a profession. Whatever the alternative, the patron ought to be aware of the possibility of having the waitresses bring up harassment and discrimination legal suits against him and the business entity.

The ethics of the alternatives are based on the ethics of the alternatives. As stated above, priority is to be based on the legal stand of the state. If the legislative law fails to have a definitive stand on the matter, then other alternatives include taking up a utilitarian perspective. This involves taking the cost versus benefit perspective. The patron is to analyze the possible alternative that realizes the supreme benefits to the highest number of number of stakeholders. Long term costs and benefits are also to be taken into account. This is because an alternative that satisfies the greatest number but leads to losses could be beneficial in the short term but costly in the long term since it could lead to the closure of the business entity.

Considering the above, the best alternative course of action for the patron would be abandonment of this new strategy of having the waitresses put up scanty dresses against their wishes and look up for alternative strategies. Alternative strategies would involve the hiring of professional exotic dancers who are confident and willing to put on the short dresses for the entertainment of the customers. This encourages professionalism and the satisfaction of the entire staff. The profits are bound to increase since the exotic dancers would perform there services professionally as opposed to the waitresses. This will lead to increased to increased profits and hence satisfaction on behalf of the investors.

 

Works cited

Penslar, Robin L. Research Ethics: Cases and Materials. Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Press. 2005. Print.

 

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Deployment

In the course of the last minute push, tension and anxiety can really mount among the team members especially if the time remaining appears to be little. To ensure that team members manage to compose themselves in the remaining time, majority of the responsibility rests with the team leader. Therefore, the first strategy the team should employ involves identifying the group leader. This individual should exhibit leadership qualities and act as the point of contact coordinating the entire project process (Kelly, 2001). Employing this strategy will ensure that the group is organized, issues are clarified and the project is accomplished in time.

One strategy that should then be applied should involve the team leader. He or she should try to motivate the rest of the team and instill a “don’t give up” mentality in them. The leader should then set a good example exhibiting immense drive to complete and the rest of the members are guaranteed to follow suit (Kelly, 2001). The leader should also endeavor in identifying what motivates the team and incorporate it in the attempts of completing the project.

More often than not, the leader does not get to choose the team members he is assigned in a group project. Therefore, he or she should learn how to get the best out of each member. People exhibit different qualities, strengths and weaknesses. Identification of their talents and giving suitable responsibilities is a good idea. If every team member is motivated, they then become interested and the progress of completing the project will run smoothly in time before the deadline day (Kelly, 2001). Failure to do this will lead to disputes among the team members thus wasting more time. The team leader should listen to group ideas and incorporate them in the project process appropriately. In addition, he or she should employ constructive criticism in the discussions of choosing one idea from the other.

Another strategy that can assist in motivating the team through the final push lies behind the establishment of an honest and open communication among the tem members, especially on matters relating to the project process; what each member’s progress is and the weak and strong points of each member. If an honest and open form of communication is established, the leader will know what to expect from each individual and therefore proceed on accordingly (Kelly, 2001). Another strategy would include formulating a work timeline and delegating various responsibilities to group members. Formulating a timeline will enable the team to be time conscious and therefore adjust their performances in accordance with the time remaining.

Additionally, work delegation will also assist in completing the work in time. This allows each member to perform to their strengths as work will be assigned according to personal attributes and suitability (Jacobs, 2010). More so, time is also saved when various issues are handled separately rather than one at a time by the entire group. This should help keep each team member on the same track and facilitate the identification of a member who is moving at a slow pace. It is easier to identify where progress is slow when work is delegated compared to when it is done universally by the team.

Another strategy involves assigning a team member with the responsibility of organizing and editing the final pieces of the entire project. This team member should exhibit good qualities in performing such practices. Delegating such responsibility ensures that there will not be any last minute rush on deadline day to ensure the final piece of the project is complete. In addition, the editor should have an assistant who will follow up on any missing piece while the editor completes his work (Jacobs, 2010). This will save the editor enough time to focus on his responsibility rather than following up on other members for incomplete work.

In my opinion, if the above suggested strategies are employed in the course of the final push of a project, the team members will be thus motivated complete the project in time. My further advice includes formulating an efficient time table in future projects to prevent final push situations.

 

References

Fox, S. (2011). SAT literature subject test: Maximize your score in less time. Naperville, Ill: Sourcebooks.

Jacobs, L. F., & Hyman, J. S. (2010). The secrets of college success. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kelly, T. B., Berman-Rossi, T., Palombo, S., & Association for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups. (2001). Group work: Strategies for strengthening resiliency. New York: Haworth Press.

 

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The Quran Khalifa and Biblical Dominion

Compare and contrast the Quranic concept of Khalifa with the biblical concept of dominion

Both concepts are used by the respective followers of these religions to argue that God gave some control over other things in earth, to man. Their major difference is that a Khalifa is like a ruler, while biblical dominion does not establish a single force of authority. The Quran Khalifa is the vicegerent or a steward. Khalifa is responsible for ruling the world on behalf of God. He is mandated to implement and ensure that the Sharia is followed. However, there are limitations for the freedoms that Khalifa has because God is considered as the primary law giver. The freedom of Khalifa, is thus limited to the levels necessary for him to implement and follow up the laws in their republics. Therefore, the main idea under the concept of Khalifa, is that God has a vicegerent on earth and that this is supposed to be man[1].

Similarly, Christians quotes the book of Genesis as an indication that man was given power over other things in the earth by God. The word dominion is considered to give mankind the right and responsibility to govern, and rule all other creations in the world. It is seen as construct of a hierarchy of authority and power that places human beings on top of other natural world. Dominion is also in existence even on various spheres of human life. For instance, it’s seen in the control of men over women in marriage or kings over their servants. It is, therefore, generally illustrative of control, power, and authority of a person or group in comparison to others[2].

How do these different understandings of human obligations and freedoms shift the conversation about environmental issues?

People’s understanding of the concept of dominion has tended to form two extreme positions in discussion of environmental issues. On one side, it’s seen as allowing human to exploit environment and the other side sees it as encouraging responsible care of creation. However, the biblical scripture on creation indicates that human being was given a specific task by God. Therefore, he bore the responsibility of performing this task with the intention and design of God. More so that human was made in God’s image. Therefore, as God in the book of genesis is depicted to exercise power with kindness, “bringing all of life into existence, considering it all good, placing it all within harmonious ecosystem,[3]” human must meet the same goals of their source of this power. In addition, there is also evidence that some restrictions also existed for instance Gen.9:1-7, provided that human were only supposed to eat plants.

Similarly, the concept of Khalifa is viewed by Muslim as a God’s command to them to take good care of the environment. This is by making them the shepherds of his creation or the vicegerents.

“He it is who has made you successors generations after generations in the earth….[4]”

Muslims are therefore supposed to understand their responsibilities in conservation of environment and use of the natural resources. This is because under khalifa they are also supposed to take care of their brother in generations after them. Failure to do that would mean lack of compliance with the words of Allah.

 

Works cited

Hiebert, Theodore.  Rethinking Dominion Theology. Direction Journal, 25 (2): 16-25.

Khan, M. A. Muqtedar. Soverignity in Islam as Human Agency. Ijitihad journal, 1(10). 1999.

Tanjil, Sheikh Abdulwakil. Al Khalifa (The Steward). 2007. Retrieved from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADL915.pdf.

 

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Summary and Paraphrase Assignment

The main cast of The Awakening, by Chopin, seems to be undergoing through an issue of existence. They are faced by both mental and psychological issues. Those battling with mental and psychological issues include the likes of Edna, Robert, Léonce, Adèle, Arobin, and Mademoiselle Reisz. This is probably the reason why all the efforts by Edna Pontellier in attempting to reconcile them are fruitless. The different members undertake to solve these ontological issues in their own ways.

We find that Mademoiselle Reisz results into a decisive yet spurious plan by disallowing her body from experiencing mind-absorbing passion. She later uses the much younger Edna to regain her lost passion. The author also highlights on the issue of ontology through other minor characters in her other stories such as the “lady in black” and “the lovers.” The shadowy unnamed character appears to be very religious since the various instances that she makes appearances in the she is seen either chanting prayers, speaking with her beads, taking issues with indulgence and the like.

The unnamed woman shares similar traits with Mademoiselle Reisz since she seems to be always dressed in black, refuses to enter the water, and believes and devotes her life to deities. As a form of juxtaposition, we also find a pianist who engages deeply in the lives of the two lovers as a way of awakening her sensual being. She ends up obtaining sexual pleasure through keeping near and spying on the two lovers (Ringe 1994). In the novel, we find the lady in black engaging in voyeuristic activities as she trails the two lovers clutching her Sunday prayer book. She keeps her distance at first but soon closes in on them. This trio is used by Chopin in romantic imagery as contrast to the evident narcissism with Edna’s adamant independence.

The lady in black steers away from facing her narcissism and continues with her voyeuristic activities by keeping a close eye on the two lovers and trying to emulate the sensuality of the lovers. The novel therefore highlights the social and psychological issues. This is also indicated in many of the readings of the Awakening while some of its aspects such as philosophical reflections tend to take up a back seat (Eble, 1994). The lady in black plays a vital role in enabling the reader to comprehend the author’s interest in facing ontological problems. By facing this issue in differing perspectives, we find that some of the characters later on find their awakening: the realization of the self and identity while there are others who miss out on this (Church & Havener 2008).

Summary

            Kate Chopin highlights on the various socially acceptable roles through her depiction of the female characters. Through her depiction of Edna we find a perfect mother and wife. This turns to be the betrayal of her awakening. Madame Ratignolle on the other hand is portrayed as an independent and self absorbed house help and like Mademoiselle Reisz. The latter is portrayed as a highly religious character that is pious and engages in voyeuristic activities (Church & Havener 2008).

The author is very interested in an ontological conundrum whereby we see the characters entangled in identity crisis and the freedom from definition. We find that there are those who decide do engage in voyeuristic obsessions with the aim of gratifying their heart’s desires. We find that Mademoiselle Reisz engages in voyeuristic activities to satisfy her sexual urges since she is not getting this from her marriage (Church 2006). This involves the tailing of the two lovers, spying on them and emulating their passionate moments. This act is depicted immoral. This is also in contrast to her religious believes and her submission to deities. Her religious life is derived from the way she is always in her prayer beads, carrying a bible and at times in prayer.

 

References

Chopin, K. (1993). The Awakening. Mineola: Dover.

Church, J. & Havener, C. (2008). The “Lady In Black” In Chopin’s The Awakening. Binghamton University. Heldref Publications.

Church, J. (2006).  “An Abuse of Art in Chopin’s The Awakening.” American Literary Realism 39.120–23. Critical Ed., 2nd ed. Ed. Margo Culley. New York: Norton,. 188–93.

Eble, K. (1994). “A Forgotten Novel: Kate Chopin’s The Awakening.” The Awakening. Norton

Ringe, Donald A. (1994). “Romantic Imagery in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening.” The Awakening. Norton. Critical Ed., 2nd ed. Ed. Margo Culley. New York: Norton,. 222–27.

 

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Why did the United States not acquire the Hawaiian Islands in 1893?

The overthrow of the monarch of Hawaiian Islands in 1893, backed by expatriate American businesspersons, sparked a lot of political debate on the legality of the move.  The coup de tat deposed off the queen, Queen Lili’uokalani, and acquired 1.75 million acres of crown land. Later on, put under house arrest in Lolani palace[1]. The proponents of the annexation argued that the current regime was corrupt and dissolute hence the people of Hawaii needed a more democratic system. They also argued that given its strategic importance to US a western power might annex it. The coup was bloodless since the queen decided to avoid any military confrontation in order to save her citizens lives.

According to Osborne[2], there were several views against the annexation of Hawaii during that time. Those resisting the acquisition argued that annexation of Hawaii contradicted with the American vision to be “archetype of the virtuous republic” as envisioned by the founding fathers. In addition, there were concerns, by the anti-imperialists, about the issue of American expansion into areas beyond its pacific boundaries. Those pro-annexation   He further concerted with fundamental reason for the annexation debate i.e. economic pursuits and racial prejudices were the primary motivators.

The annexation of Hawaii was not an original idea conceived in 1893. According to foreign diplomatic records as early as 1851, the idea of annexation had been sowed in people’s minds. King Kamehameha 3 had approached the US with a proposition to annex Hawaii. However, the secretary of state Daniel Webster declined the offer and stated, “No power ought to take possession of the islands as conquest”. It is of importance to note that later monarchs supported by the locals loathed at the idea of annexation. To get an in-depth understanding of the reasons for US going to war in 1893 over Hawaii we ought to revisit the events that were going on prior to the war.

At the time Captain James Cooke who was a British explorer reached Hawaii in the year 1778, the number of Hawaii people who lived in the islands was approximately 3000,000. Because of their interactions with the Americans and European foreigners during the eighteenth century, the native population became highly susceptible to western ailments like cholera, small pox and leprosy. This led to high morbidity and consequently high death rates. This had the effect of reducing the native population significantly hence by 1891 they were the minority on the islands.

Another factor that influenced the US foreign policy to Hawaii, during the late 19^th century, was Queen Lili’uokalani. In 1891, an article was widely circulated in the press in dictating that the queen was seriously ill. Despite the authorities denying this allegation, it had already caused irredeemable damage. During the same period, there emerged another report to the effect that the queen’s personal feelings were more pro-British and anti-American[3]. This further fuelled the rumour that strong British personnel were working tireless to undermine the American position. The accusations had some truth in them but the stories become distorted ending up vilifying the character of the queen.

The effect of this can best be illustrated the letter written by Secretary of State Blaine to President Harrison in August 1891[4]. It read in part that, “I think there are three places that are of value to be taken, that are not continental. These are Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. Cuba and Porto Rico are not now eminent and will not be in for a generation. Hawaii may come up for a decision at any unexpected hour and I hope we shall be prepared to decide it in the affirmative.” This prompted the stationing of a US navy ship at Honolulu with an aim to protect American interests and put off European speculators. Though the presence of the American warship at Honolulu incensed the queen and her cabinet she was torn been protecting her sovereignty and preserving her relations with the US. The latter prevailed.

The queen was also to come to terms with an economic depression caused by the change in US tariff law. Though the McKinley tariffs become operational in April 1891, its ill effects preceded years prior to its enactment[5]. The McKinley tariff was an act of US congress, which raised the average duty on imports by almost half. Its aim was at shielding the local domestic industries from foreign competition. This had a profound influence on the sugar sector of Hawaii. It crippled the Hawaiian sugar industry since it lowered duties on imports coming from selected countries. This abolished the advantage it had as result of the 1875 Reciprocity treaty.

The queens attempt to pass the 1887 Bayonet constitution to gain more political and economic control over the monarch antagonised the Euro-American business elites who held the controlling stake in the affairs of the government. The queen’s move to promulgate a new constitution was seen to jeopardise the interests of the Euro- American business elite.

The events that occurred during the first trial to annex Hawaii in 1893 followed this sequence. On January 16, 1893 Charles B., the Marshal to the Kingdom, was tipped off about the imminent coup. The group responsible was a thirteen-member council called Committee of safety. Charles was unable to get the arrest warrants and he opted to confront them. This sparked off a revolution between forces allied to the attorney general and those allied to Charles. The community of safety mobilised a militia named Honolulu Rifles composed of 1500-armed men (non-native) aimed to dispose the queen. The community of safety further expressed concern on their safety and property to their mother country, America. After confirming the threat on non-combatant civilians, the government deployed uniformed marines with orders of neutrality and provide protection. On sensing the imminent defeat, the queen surrendered and the Honolulu Rifles took over the government, disarmed Royal guard and established a provisional government.

Different recent scholarly works attempt to reason out the motives behind the US supporting the destabilization and eventual coup of the Queen Lili’uokalani monarchy by non-native American expatriates. One of the most emphasized justifications is that the US was guarding the economic and strategic location of Hawaii. It’s argued that the US was at the initial stages of establishing strong naval bases to protect foreign markets in Asia, Latin America, Central America, and the pacific[6]. Hawaii provided a key strategic base from which to guard the navy. This illustrated best by the quick acceptance of the provisional government by President Benjamin H. and the inappropriate approval of despatching the American army to support Honolulu Rifles militia. This clearly confirms that it was in the best economic interest for annexation of Hawaii[7].

The Harrisons treaty of annexation, which was negotiated hastily between groups of handpicked representatives from Hawaii’s provisional government, was revoked when President Grover Cleveland came to office. President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of state, Walter Q. Gresham, were the proponents of the motion to revoke the Harrison’s treaty. Gresham personally was totally against provisional government activities spanning from 1893 to 1895. The president’s approach was ambiguous and anti-imperialistic, however Gresham was more passionate to abolish the provisional government and reinstate the monarchy. An in-depth analysis of Gresham’s goal to reinstate the queen of Hawaii indicates how contradictory US foreign policy was between those times.

A brief background check on Gresham indicates he was a staunch ant-imperialist. He strongly believed in traditional political systems, equality, and self-drive. Guided by the traditional political values and foreign policy of 18^th century, he proclaimed that the constitution did not have provisions for colonial acquisition[8]. He pointed out that overseas colonies would be expensive to manage, lead to unnecessary wars, and violate the fore fathers vision of America being “archetype of the virtuous republic.”

He further condemned the post revolutionary provisional government of Hawaii, which was, perpetrated colonialism and imperialism. The Harrisons treaty clearly showed the dangers of denying a society self rule to its citizens. He emphasised that governments derive their authority to govern from the consent of its people; any system that violates or contradicts this rule is unsustainable and irresponsible[9]. He rejected the argument that the revolution was a result of the Queen Lili’uokalani attempt to abolish constitutional term limits. This was centrally to the real causes, which we have so far established to be the sugar interests and the implementation of the constitution that geared to strength the powers of the monarchy.

Gresham’s attempt to block the annexation of Hawaii and to unseat the provisional government traced back to 1893. The periodic reports from President Harrison’s representative, James Blount, further strengthened his stand.

The reports showed that the revolutionary government imposed on the Hawaiians without their approval and only a small population favoured annexation[10]. He argued that the US had aided the overthrowing of a legitimate government and further facilitated the reinstating of an unjust government. On December 1893, Gresham advocated for reinstating the queen if she met Cleveland’s condition of forgiving the revolutionaries.

Grisham and Cleveland differed on the ideology of American expansion this greatly hampered Grisham attempts to advocate for immediate restoration of Hawaii to its people by force. Gresham opposed any unnecessary overseas influences whereas Cleveland was pro American expansion hence he supported the provision government in Hawaii. He immensely valued the economic and military benefits of retaining Hawaii. In 1894, he negotiated with King Kalakaua to acquire exclusive rights to build pearl harbour as a future naval base[11].

Congress suggested that the Hawaiian people should decide their own destiny and American influence would be limited. However, in early 1895, royalist forces staged a revolt that got supported by the native Hawaiian people to upstage the provisional government forces. In retaliation to this, President Cleveland sent a wars hip Philadelphia to support the locals and protect its naval base in Honolulu.

In conclusion, the American interest on Hawaii in terms of economic and geo-strategic benefits have constantly through history hampered the Hawaiian people from exercising their democratic rights.

 

 

Works cited

Allen, Helena G. 1982. The betrayal of Liliuokalani, last Queen of Hawaii, 1838-1917. Glendale, California: A.H. Clark Co.

Kuykendall, Ralph S. 1967. The HawaiianKingdom. Volume III, 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Osborne, Thomas J. 1981. “Empire can wait”: American opposition to Hawaiian annexation, 1893-1898. Kent, Ohio: KentStateUniversity Press.

United States. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States 1894: Affairs in Hawaii (1894).

 

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