Category: Samples

INTERPROFESSIONAL LEARNING IN PRACTICE

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1^st, March, 2012

 

 

 

Question 1

The community recovery team comprises different professionals in the discipline of healthcare. All of these have professional skills and expertise required to work with people living in different communities, with severe mental health problems. In the meeting attended, the range of professionals included social workers, psychiatrist nurses, psychologists, pharmacists, occupational therapists, and approved mental health professionals. Others included psychotherapists, and peer support workers (Glen & Leiba 2002). The aim of the meeting was to assess the various social and health needs of the patients in selected communities, and the ways of meeting the identified needs through budgetary allocations. In addition, the team members were to contribute their views about various recovery interventions, which could be incorporated in the team’s practice, to enhance recovery.

During the meeting, I observed much, as far as teamwork and communication is concerned. There was the aspect of group dynamics, which I experienced, aspects of teamwork, and leadership. All these were essential in the way the facilitation of the meeting, and these contributed to the positive outcome of the meeting, since members were able to reach a conclusive standing on the agenda of the meeting. In addition, all the three aspects in the meeting were responsible for cohesiveness, creativity, collaboration, and problem-solving skills among the team members (Procter & Mueller 2000).

One aspect of group dynamics is that, the team members interacted at different levels. This was necessary, since the meeting required vast brainstorming for ideas. Interaction helped members get into arguments, discuss important ideas by different members, and make important decision. During this group interaction, some members upset each other through the arguments; others showed support to fellow team members, while others in different disciplines taught each other new things in their field. Nonetheless, this was essential in helping reach a final decision (Forsyth 2006).

Teamwork among the group members in this meeting helped them accomplish difficult tasks together, which involved making decisions out of complex situations. In addition, through teamwork, the group members were able to work on the budget effectively, coming up with convenient and effective figures. Teamwork also enhanced cohesiveness in the group, and helped the group save the time needed to make decisions, and perform various tasks during the meeting (Forsyth 2006: West & Markiewicz 2004).

Leadership was essential in the meeting. In the meeting, there were facilitators, who ensured that the meeting stuck on the stipulated agenda and time schedule. This also helped in time management, as members did not veer off the meeting agenda. Each member also demonstrated leadership, as they were disciplined and focused on the theme of the meeting. Leadership is important in such a diverse group, since a sense of control is needed, considering the fact that this group is quite big, with people from different professional backgrounds. Therefore, leadership, if experienced at personal level and group level helps to enhance effectiveness of the meeting, and its outcomes (Armstrong & Stephens 2005).

Nonetheless, from this meeting, I learnt that when different people from various professional backgrounds work together in nursing, efficiency is achieved. Efficiency comes through teamwork, cooperation, and leadership, among others, which are aspects achieved when different focused individuals enter into collaboration (Furnaham A 2005). I also observed and learnt that, the individuals themselves can control the challenges that this approach presents, such as professional communication.

 

 

Question 2(A)

An occupational therapist (OT) is one of the professionals comprising a community recovery team, which has members from different professional backgrounds. Occupational therapists specialize in Occupational Therapy, a discipline in which they have earned a degree. Their main work is to deal with patients with cases of mental illness. These serve to ensure that the rehabilitation of patients, helping them to achieve full recovery, including social and occupational recovery. Generally, occupational therapists also assess the patients’ functioning in different areas such as social skills, or their ability to perform day to day tasks. In doing this, their main objective is to ensure that where there are gaps in the recovery process of the patient, they are able are able to notice and then develop various programs, which will address the needs of the patient, concerning their recovery. There is a variety of mental illnesses today. Therefore, an occupational therapist will play different roles, depending on the type of mental illness they are addressing in the patient (The American Occupational Therapy Association n.d).

As part of a community recovery team, an occupational therapist plays a variety of roles in the management of the care of a client diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a type of mental illness, where the patient has false beliefs about being persecuted by people, or experiencing fear of the unknown, and feeling that unknown people are pursuing them, and plotting their death. In a community recovery team, an occupational therapist works in collaboration with other professionals in providing care and management to the schizophrenic patients. However, the occupational therapist performs most of the tasks, since they have adverse training in the area of management and care of mental illness patients. Occupational therapists have diverse scientific knowledge in managing psychosocial development, neurophysiology, environmental analysis, and group dynamics. These therefore, play a variety of roles in care and management of schizophrenic patients (The American Occupational Therapy Association n.d).

Occupational therapists will play the role of educating the schizophrenic patients on the importance of making use of coping strategies to reduce their symptoms. This is based on the knowledge of occupational therapists in consultancy, care therapy, and ability to perform academic facilitations. These will also support schizophrenic patients to be more organized and to participate actively in activities in which they are comfortable.

Occupational therapists, by virtue of being care therapists, will also serve the function of helping in the identification of habits, practices, routines, and rituals that are healthy for the schizophrenic patients, and which will enhance their recovery. In addition, occupational therapists will help the schizophrenic patients to identify priorities in their personal lives. This will depend on their needs, goals, and values in the life of the patients. However, with the knowledge of an occupational therapist, they will influence the patients to make decisions, which will affect their lives positively. For instance, an occupational therapist will advise their patients to consider housing and employment needs before any other needs. The occupational therapists will also hold sessions with different schizophrenic patients, either personally or at the group level. During such sessions, he or she will help patients to develop and utilize a wellness recovery plan for enhanced recovery (The American Occupational Therapy Association n.d).

An occupational therapist will play the role of educating the patients on how to embrace self-care. This includes ways in which the patients can monitor their state of physical health, such as quitting smoking, managing diabetes, grooming, and personal hygiene. In addition, the occupational therapist might provide information for the patients to make use of other health resources such as peer-facilitated groups, community-based resources, among other support groups for an enhanced recovery process.

Question 2(B)

Spending a day with an occupational therapist helped me learn much about occupational therapy, which I had no knowledge about before. The eight hours I spent with the occupational therapist gave me an opportunity to observe what their duties are, and generally, what the profession entailed. Occasionally, I would ask questions about the career, and about different practices, I could see them do, which were beyond my understanding. Nonetheless, I learnt that occupational therapy is not a profession for the faint-hearted, as it requires determination, dedication, and commitment.

The occupational therapist keeps time and reports early to her duties, since each day is different, and comes with new challenges. In the morning, around half past eight o’clock, the occupational therapist was already in her office. She started her day by organizing and managing the day’s activities. She explained that she does this either in the evenings, after the day’s work, or early in the morning, before embarking on the day’s activities. I saw her communicate with her colleagues and consult on a few things. She also checked her mails, faxed, and made copies of different documents. Then she tells me she is to establish the number of patients she would attend to on that day, including the length of their sessions. She also had to check on the gym area to ensure it is in a good state. She then holds a short meeting with other occupational therapists and nurses to discuss about any vital issue for the day, which would need addressing.

Most of the day, the occupational therapist was involved in providing direct care to patients. First, she started with the evaluation of the patients. After this, she wrote down the long and short-term plans for each patient. After this, she goes to begin the sessions with her patients. During the sessions with patients, she taught each of them different ways of taking care of themselves, like in the aspect of dressing, and personal hygiene, among others. Additionally, she offers physical therapy to the patients, such as exercises for flexibility and strength. At the end of the day, the therapist goes back to paperwork, while getting ready for the following day. She also assesses the progress of each patient, and consults with the other multidisciplinary team about the progress of each patient. However, she insisted that sometimes her schedule for the day changes, depending on the kind of patient she is dealing with, and the nature of their conditions.

From this job shadowing, I learnt a lot about occupational therapist. This profession requires individuals who are good at dealing with a variety of people. This is because; I witnessed the occupational therapist consulting with different colleagues on a variety of issues. Care and the well-being of patients in this context requires the attention of different professionals. This therefore, is not a job, which is to be done individually since cooperation is of essence. Therefore, an occupational therapist must be cooperative in order to perform well in their job. They should also be capable of dealing with different types of personalities and temperaments.

Question 3(A)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common problem among children and adolescents. These have learning, behavior, and emotional challenges. They have difficulty paying attention, some performance poorly in academics; others are involved in excessive activity, among others. In the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), different professionals address different mental problems affecting children and adolescents. After interviewing a service user diagnosed with ADHD, I learnt the different strategies employed by professionals in managing this service user. The first step in the service user’s treatment journey was extensive evaluation to determine the appropriate strategy that would be employed in management of the condition. Some of the management strategies used are psychiatric consultation, school consultation, child and family behavior therapy, and medication management. Coping tips are also provided to the service user, in order to help her cope with the condition well, for improved recovery.

Interprofessional working in health care has had a positive impact on the service user. First, there is shared professional competence and experience. In addition, the different professionals perform their responsibilities collectively. There is also interprofessional communication, and increased resource availability, in form of expertise. All these allow for a quick recovery of the service user. However, this can be improved by training the professionals on time management, since they consume much time, considering that they all have to attend to the service user (Leathard 2003). I learnt from the interview that the service user had consulted various professionals in the different stages since she started her recovery journey. These include adolescent psychiatrists, occupational therapists, nurses, clinical and educational therapists, as well as language and speech therapists. All these were responsible for the different health needs of the service user.

The service user had the opportunity of inquiring about her health when the case co-coordinator met her family. During the brief meetings with her and her family, the case coordinator would inform them of her progress, and an opportunity would be given to her to ask any question about her care. Although the service user is happy with her recovery journey, she feels that the different professionals she has to see overwhelms her. She wishes that it would be possible for her to see only one professional. However, overall, the service user admitted to feeling some progress in her condition. She also likes the care she is given by the professionals, and considered them nurturing. As community psychiatric nurses, our role in the service user’s journey was elaborate. We visited her at home and in the clinic, and checked to see if everything was okay with her, ensuring she takes her medication as prescribed. Meeting the patient’s carers and family was also essential in helping them cope with the patient’s condition.

From the account of the service provider, I feel the health professionals are trying their best to provide the best services to their patients, as the service user did not complain of major problems with the care she was receiving, except for the number of professionals she had to see, which overwhelmed her. Generally, I feel good if a patient likes the care provided to her. Nonetheless, maybe a few adjustments could be made on the interprofessional aspect. In addition, the patients could be given more opportunities to find out about their carers and care given to them.
Question 3(B)

I have wide knowledge in the discipline of nursing. However, this exercise has increased my nursing knowledge. Nursing is a broad field, concerned with care giving to patients; Therefore, I have realized how much, interprofessional and multidisciplinary approach in nursing is of value. It is eminent that for effective care to be achieved in nursing there must be collaborations between different professionals, with each being charged with particular responsibility, which will help meet the needs of the patient. Today different professionals are encouraged to work together in order to help meet the health needs of patients appropriately (Jasper & Jumaa 2005).

In mental health nursing, it is also beneficial for different professionals to come together and pool in their expertise, for meeting patient needs in their recovery journey. Different professionals will perform specific roles, depending on their expertise. The recovery journey of any patient, including those with mental conditions, begins from assessment, then diagnosis, and finally treatment. Different professionals have different expertise to handle at least one stage of this process. Therefore, while some are responsible for assessment, others will do the diagnosis, and others will perform treatment. For instance, in the case of the ADHD service user, a specialist, who was a trained adolescent psychiatrist, performed the diagnosis. Other different professionals performed the other stages.

I have realized from this exercise that, interprofessional working in nursing has many advantages. There is collective responsibility, as each professional is charged with specific responsibilities to fulfill. In addition, there are sufficient resources to address patients’ health needs. These resources are mainly in the form of expertise. Therefore, a patient will not be referred to another clinic for other services. When professionals collaborate, they also share with one   another their experiences in their professions. Therefore, one is able to increase their knowledge of different nursing aspects, thus increasing their knowledge capacity (Mental Health Commission 2006).

I have learnt that the multidisciplinary approach in nursing is as well important and resourceful. This promotes teamwork and efficiency in various nursing processes. For instance, in the meeting of the community recovery team, different health professionals gathered, with an aim of budgeting and making major decisions in the group, which they did as a team. Teamwork is advantageous, as it helps groups to complete tasks within a shorter period (West & Markiewicz 2004). This therefore, saves time, which is essential in nursing. As in the case of interprofessionalism, the multidisciplinary approach helps different professionals to interact, therefore, learning and gaining new knowledge from one another (Mental Health Commission 2006).

Although collaboration with many other professionals is beneficial in nursing, this also comes with considerable drawbacks. When there are many professionals from different backgrounds, it might be challenging for the group to make decisions within a short time. This is because each individual will come with his or her own idea, which they consider right, and it might take time deciding on what decision to settle for as the final one. However, this can be addressed appropriately if the group members employ appropriate leadership and strategies to combat this drawback of collaboration in nursing. Nonetheless, the nursing process is more effective with collaborations among different professionals. Therefore, despite the various challenges this approach might present, I would still support this approach, as it bears more benefits in nursing.

 

 

Works Cited

‘The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. (AOTA)’ n.d, Occupational Therapy’s

Role in Mental Health Recovery. Viewed 1 March 2013 <http://www.aota.org/Consumers/Professionals/WhatIsOT/PA/Facts/MH-Recovery.aspx>

‘Mental Health Commission’ January 2006, Multidisciplinary Team Working: From Theory to

Practice. Viewed 1 March 2013 <http://www.mhcirl.ie/documents/publications/Discussion%20Paper%20Multidisciplinary%20Team%20Working%20%20From%20Theory%20to%20Practice%202006.pdf>

Armstrong, M & Stephens 2005, A handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to

Management for Results. Kogan Page, London.

Forsyth, D. R 2006, Group Dynamics. Thomsom/Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Accessed 1 March

2013 <http://www.cengagebrain.com.mx/content/forsyth68220_0534368220_02.01_chapter01.pdf>

Furnaham A 2005, The Psychology of Behaviour at Work: The Individual in the

Organization. Psychology Press, New York.

Glen S. & Leiba T 2002, Multi-professional Learning for Nurses: Breaking the Boundaries.

(Eds), Palgrave, Basingstoke.

Jasper, M. & Jumaa M 2005, Effective Healthcare, Malden, Oxford, UK. MA.

Leathard A 2003, Interprofessional Collaboration: From Policy to Practice in Health and

Social Care, (Eds), Routledge, Hove, Brunner.

Procter S & Mueller F 2000, Team working. Macmillan, Basingstoke.

West M. A. & Markiewicz L 2004, Building Team-Based Working: A Practical Guide to

Organization Transformation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA.

 

 

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A Reaction to ‘The Making of the Hurricane’

This bonus documentary is about the views of different people involved in the creation of the movie “The Hurricane.” The people involved include the movie director, the movie producer, and part of the cast. Norman Jewison is the director of the movie, and in this bonus documentary, he talks about the motivation behind the production of the movie. He also discusses the theme of the movie, which he claims is about the social conditions of people. During his explanation, a few scenes from the movie are featured. The producer of the movie, Armyan Bernstein, also talks about the circumstances surrounding the production of this movie. This includes the circumstances leading to their contact and liaise with Rubin Carter, on whom the movie bases. Rubin Carter, whose life story is the center of the movie, also features in this bonus documentary.  He appreciates how the movie crew considered popularising his life story, and considers this an honour. This exposed him to great people, including Denzel Washington. He finds this mind-boggling. He compares himself to Denzel, because they are both hardworking. Similarly, the producer, and Deborah Kara, an actress in the movie, also praise Denzel for his acting prowess and commitment to the movie production.

The bonus documentary makes different points. First, it makes one realize that the real movie is not fictional, but is based on a real life experience. The people in this documentary provide an evidence of this by talking about the coming to be of the movie. For instance, when they feature Rubin Carter himself, and have him give his testimony about his life, and how the movie will change is life further, is proof enough that this movie bases on a past event that happened in Rubin Carter’s life. In addition, Lesra Martin gives an account of how he interacted with Rubin while still in prison, and how he participated in Rubin’s release. Therefore, this bonus documentary clarifies the nature of the movie, noting that the movie bases on a real life personal experience.

This bonus documentary also emphasizes the fact that it was really involving and demanding to develop the movie. It took the commitment and dedication of the crew to ensure that the movie was a success. In this case, a lot of credit is given to Denzel Washington. Since he was the one that would play the role of the main character, which is Rubin Carter, he was charged with having to learn boxing, since Rubin had taken on professional boxing, as a career. Denzel exercised this for one year, after which he could engage in boxing comfortably. Apart from Denzel, other actors also put in more efforts. In the making of the movie, the whole crew liaised with Rubin, while he was still in prison. This was demanding and required dedication. Probably, this is why this movie became influential.

Finally, this movie proves that there exists injustices in the world, including the criminal systems, which are supposed to be just. Close to the end of this bonus documentary, the producer admits that the movie attempts to unravel the injustices in the world. This is through its basing on the life of Rubin Carter, a fighter with promise, who was incarcerated for something he did not do. The producer argues that injustices are existent in society, and these include racism, political injustices, among many other forms. Carter himself adds that the movie is based on redemption, specifically his redemption. He also notes that the movie is meant to inspire people in overcoming adversity in life. All this roots from the injustices that Carter had to undergo in his life.  According to Carter, his rescue from the hands of injustice was a complete miracle. Similarly, another actress in the movie notes that injustices in society have persisted in various spheres, but the human spirit is strong enough to endure them. She considered Carter strong-hearted, because he underwent all that, and still manages to smile. Therefore, by basing on the life of Rubin Carter, this documentary proves that injustice is real in the world.

From this documentary, I have learnt new things about the whole issue surrounding Rubin Carter and generally, his life. Although the past events in Rubin’s life are quite known by different people, this documentary has revealed to me some surprising facts. First, I am surprised that in the process of shooting the movie, the crew kept in close contact with Rubin Carter. They would go see him in prison, concerning various aspects in the progress of the movie. It is also surprising that Lehri Martin met Rubin Carter for the first time, when he was 15 years old, and had visited him in prison. The circumstances that led to their meeting are also impressive if not surprising. While it is known that Rubin had received many letters from different people, while he was in prison, he did not open most of them. However, it was coincidental that he opened one, which was written by the 15-year-old Martin Lehri. This had marked the beginning of their relationship, as years later, Martin got involved in the process of Rubin’s release from prison, and here, he features in the movie about Rubin’s life.

From this documentary, I consider the movie meaningful in society. All the testimonies shared by those involved in this movie points out that the movie is inspirational. This is because it focuses on the story of a man, who faced many injustices, but did not give up hope. His hope, strength, and endurance, finally helped him get the justice that he deserved. I consider this movie as being capable of giving hope to those who are on the verge of losing hope in various situations. Rubin held on and finally got through his adversities. Therefore, this can happen to anyone, as long as they are enduring.

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Somewhere Between – Bonus Documentary Reaction

            The bonus documentary of this film mainly involves a lengthy interview and discussions with different people about the concept of trans-racial adoption, which is the main theme of the film. This takes forty-five minutes. The different people interviewed include professionals, who deal with adoption issues. Additionally, different adults, who are adoptees, are also interviewed. The adoptees mainly address their experiences as adoptees, and how being an adoptee has influenced their lives, especially from their childhood, when they were adopted. On the other hand, the adoption professionals, in the interviews, address the issue of adoption, including the formal adoption procedure. They also talk about parenting, and how parents should interact with adoptees to bring out the best in them. Other professionals interviewed in the film are psychologists. These mainly address the issues affecting adoptees, which mostly include psychological issues. They also focus on the issue of how adoption affects adoptees. For instance, when a child realizes that they are adopted, they might be affected in various ways. They therefore, offer insights on how parents can deal with the psychological changes in their adopted children.

Generally, this bonus documentary makes an impression about the film itself. There are different points this bonus documentary attempts to prove to the audience. The first point is about trans-racial or intercontinental adoption. This bonus documentary attempts to prove to the audience that trans-racial adoption does happen, but it is more challenging to both the adoptees and their new parents. In order to prove this, the bonus documentary comprises interviews with trans-racial adoptees. These give a first-hand account of their difficulties, challenges, and experiences growing up as adoptees from a different continent. These adoptees are Chinese, and are adopted by Americans. They therefore, address how the issue of identity was a major challenge to them, while growing up as American citizens, though with Chinese background. This bonus documentary therefore, proves a point that trans-racial adoption can be quite challenging.

Additionally, this bonus documentary attempts to prove to the audience that trans-racial adoptees are capable of succeeding in life, just like other American young people, or other youth living with their biological parents. With the right environment and right attitude, the trans-racial adoptees can be successful in life, and attain great achievement, despite the challenges they face while growing up as adoptees, including identity challenges. In order to prove this point, this bonus documentary has incorporated different adults, who were adoptees, and adopted by people of a different race. These adoptees grew up and made it big in life, and now have great careers and families. This therefore, proves that, all trans-racial adoptees have the capability of living their dreams in life. The featured professionals who were adoptees include psychologists, doctors, among others. Some are university students, pursuing different studies, toward their dream careers.

The third point this bonus documentary proves is that parenting is core, if one decides to adopt a child, even from a different continent or race. To prove this, a number of parents with adopted children, are part of the interview. These share their experiences of parenting adoptees. In addition, the psychologists, who are part of the interview, also shed light on parenting, basing on their expertise in parenting and psychology. The fact that some of these psychologists were adoptees adds weight to their parenting advice for adoptees. This is an educational part of this bonus documentary, as most audience during the interview, and many others who would watch this, benefited from the parenting advice, especially those who were planning to adopt children.

What surprised me most in by watching this bonus documentary is the courage, which the adoptees in the interviews have. These courageously come out to discuss their experiences as adoptees. This is impressing especially, considering the fact that they were adopted from a different country to become Americans. Most adoptees will not easily come out publicly to disclose their status as adoptees, let alone their experiences. This is because of the negative perception most societies have toward adoptees, thinking of them as abandoned children, or children with poor biological parents. Therefore, the fact that the adoptees in the interview did not shy off, has impressed me greatly.

This bonus documentary is informative, as well as educational. This is because of the approach taken to develop it. Interviewing different professionals and adoptees helps the audience draw a lot of information for the interviews. This is because the interviewees address different aspects of the theme of the film. From my own judgement, this documentary provides an insight into the film itself, and what the audience should expect to see in the film. The film is probably of great importance to those individuals interested in the issue of trans-ethnic adoption. Whether they seek to adopt a child from a different race, or whether they are interested in this for study and research purposes, the film will be a great resource to them. The film itself is quite moving, considering it is a documentary revolving around the real life of four different trans-racial adoptees in America. This therefore, is an emotional film, since it is probable that it features heart-rending moments, from the adoptees’ real-life experiences and challenges.

 

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Adewole Olufemi et al. Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in Nigerian patients with HIV infection. 2009. – A Critical Appraisal

Recommended decision about the article

Acceptance subject to minor revision – This research article is quite valid and reliable. However, it will only need minor revision, as a few aspects in the methodology, presentation and formating will need to be adjusted. This will ensure more clarity and authenticity of the article.    

General Assessment Rankings from HIGH (5) to LOW (1):

Originality (4)

            The originality of this research article is quite commendable, and stands above average. This study is the first to be conducted in the National Hospital in Abuja, Nigeria. Previously, evidence that HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infection prevalence was at an increase, based on mainstream evidence. The fact that the study population was adopted from the same hospital means that this study was committed to using its own approach, unique from other studies.

Strength of conclusions as supported by the data (3)

            The authors made a nice conclusion, which is all-inclusive. For instance, they have identified some of the limitations, which are present in their research. This helps the audience of this research to interpret the research findings in the context in which the researchers conducted it.  Additionally, they have identified the importance of this study to their hospital, and as it applies to the wider society.

Significance to the field (3)

            This research is a great achievement, especially to the National Hospital in Abuja, Nigeria, considering that this is the first research of its kind to be conducted in this hospital. This will help the doctors and other caregivers to predict outcomes of different cases related with HIV and the two types of Hepatitis. Furthermore, although this research was not conducted in the communities, these findings can still be of help to the people in the grassroots level. This will also help in sensitizing the HIV infected members of the society to test for the different types of Hepatitis, considering the implications they have on HIV patients.

Overall rating (3)

            This research article is not perfect, but it rates above average. The presentation is well above average, and the clarity is incredible. Additionally, the analysis of the research findings is in-depth, highly insightful, and quite easy to understand.

Comments to the Editor

Although this research presentation is quite commendable, there are some important aspects, which were omitted. First, the literature review section is missing. Normally, it is appropriate if a research includes a review of literature. In addition, considering that this was a first research in this field for this hospital, literature review would have helped this research through offering a direction, and predicting expected outcomes of the research. By comparing the works of other authors in the similar topic, this would have helped identify the disparities in the research findings. Additionally, it would be more presentable if the conclusion part would have been included in the format. This is for the purpose of enhanced clarity in the presentation. This also will help the audience of this research, not to assume their own conclusion, which could easily lead to misinterpretation of the research findings.

Comments to the Authors

            This study has merit, but a few changes will improve it. First, the methods used in the study could be re-evaluated. In addition, in order to make the research more influential, increasing its power through the enlargement of the study population should be considered. For instance, instead of focusing on the patients in the hospital only, those patients in the external environment could as well have been considered.

 

 

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England

            England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. It is the largest of all the countries in the United Kingdom of Great Britain. In 2011, the census revealed that England had a population of 53,013,000, making it the most populous country in the United Kingdom. It is estimated that 84 percent of the population of the United Kingdom lives in England. England is the 25^th most populated country of the world, with 407 people per square kilometre (Boraas 11).

The natives of England are the English people. This ethnic group speaks the English language, and are British citizens. These people are the source of the English language, and most elements of the English culture, including the common law system, the parliamentary system, and different types of sports, among others. These English cultural elements have spread to various regions of the world, where they are adopted today.

The main cities in England include London, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Coventry, Leicester, Nottingham, Plymouth, Wolverhampton, and Derby. Most of these cities are large in size. However, for these to be considered as cities in England, they were not initially conditioned to meet a requirement of large population or settlement. London is the most populous of these cities and serves as the capital city of London (Boraas 18).

Geographically, England is an island, bordering Wales and Scotland, and 34km away from France. This country is also close to the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea, and the North Sea, as it shores on these three water bodies. England is also known for some of the oldest mountain ranges, which were formed during the Paleozoic period, approximately three million years ago. There are also Cheviot Hills, which lie on the border between Scotland and England. Other hills in England include Cotswold Hills, North and South Downs, and Chiltern Hills. However, Thames is the longest river in Thames, of all the rivers mentioned. In addition, England has many lakes, but the largest is Windermere, located in the Lake District (Boraas 21).

With regard to economy, England prides in being one of the largest economy of the world, with a GDP per capita of 22,907 Sterling Pounds. Being a mixed market economy, England utilizes a variety of free market principles, and at the same time has maintained its social welfare. England is the world’s leader in the arms industry, aerospace, pharmaceutical and chemicals, and one of the largest manufacturers in the software industry. Therefore, the main exports of England mainly include pharmaceuticals, alcoholic beverages, engines of aerospace, as well as crude oil from England’s North Sea (Boraas 43).

England has a beautiful culture and history. With regard to architecture, most of its monuments today were constructed during the prehistoric period, and were highly influenced by the ancient Roman architecture. England also prides in various sports as its heritage. These include football, rugby, cricket, squash, boxing, and hockey, among many others. Many museums, libraries, and galleries are found in England, and all these are responsible for the conservation of the English cultural heritage. With regard to power and governance, since England is part of the United Kingdom, it does not have its own distinct form of governance. This country, like other countries in the United Kingdom, adopts the political system of the parliamentary system and a constitutional monarchy. Therefore, there is no government of England, but England is governed by the parliamentary system of the United Kingdom (Boraas 48).

People in England practise extensive agriculture. Most farming is animal keeping, and one third of farming involves growing of arable crops. Therefore, the country is able to meet of its food needs without relying on food imports. The traditional food associated with England is the Sunday roast, gravy, and Apple pie. Others include fish and chips and different types of meat pie, among others. The main form of energy in England is electricity. England produces its own electricity, consumes it, and supplies it to other countries. England also produces some of natural gas it uses, and in considerable amounts. Generally, England is a country that is well established and well organized in its social, economic, and political spheres (Boraas 57).

 

Works Cited

Boraas, Tracey. “England.” New York: Capstone, 2002.

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My Life Story

            There are different aspects that make up a person’s life. The various experiences one encounters in life will determine the kind of person they turn out to be. However, all individuals have been gifted with the power to manipulate different experiences, and bring out the best out of the ugliest situation encountered. Life experiences begin at home, then school, at the work place, and at various social places, among others. Personally, life at home, at school, and interactions with different people has taught me a lot, and to some extent shaped the person I am today. However, my core values have been of great importance to me, as these have guided me and helped me make wise decisions at different points in my life. These have made me understand that no one can make it in life, without values and principles.

My hometown is where I live, and it is where my home is. Since my family began living in this place, I have not thought or imagined living anywhere else, or referring to any other city as my hometown. I love Houston, and my admiration for this city keeps growing each day. This is the fourth largest city in the United States of America, and is the largest city in Texas.  With this, already one can imagine how it feels living in a large city. Apart from being large, what I love most about Houston is that it is an international city. This city has drawn people from different parts of the world. I really love and appreciate diversity of any kind; therefore, this is an aspect, which makes me like living in Houston. Here, I have friends from different parts of the world, including Asia, Kenya, Mexico, and Germany, among others. Being an outgoing and social person, this aspect of Houston boosts this trait in me. Recently, Houston city was named the most ethnically diverse city in the United States, beating New York. This makes me proud of Houston, since I like its multi-cultural climate.

People living in Houston are friendlier than those in other parts of Texas. These readily accept outsiders, and are known for their generosity. These donate to charity, scholarships, and education, among other initiatives. Living in a friendly environment gives me peace of mind, and this is what I also like most about Houston. Another aspect of Houston is that it is a green city. I appreciate the environment and all the efforts aimed at safeguarding it, since I know how important it is to conserve our environment. I share this same aspect with most Houstonians. For instance, when the recent drought adversely affected the Memorial Park and the Arboretum, a big number of Houstonians came out to replant these areas, in order to restore them. Close to 50,000 acres of land in Houston is dedicated to park space. With many parks and green spaces, picnics in Houston are always amazing.

Houston embraces art and culture, and has excellent museums. This is also home to some of the renowned contemporary writers in the United States. In addition, this is a major league city, with various sports. Houston’s world-class restaurants boast of diverse cuisines from different world regions. The social amenities in Houston are incredible. The presence of the Texas Medical Center and M.D. Anderson Cancer Center makes Houston a good place to fall sick in. Finally, despite all these factors, it is cheap to live in Houston, compared to other large cities in the United States, as housing is cheap here. These are among the aspects that make me love Houston. Here, my life has been fulfilling, and I am looking forward to even more, in future.

I live with my family in Houston, and thanks to them, I am the person I am today. My family has offered me guidance in different aspects of my life, and they have helped shape my identity. I look and my parents and siblings, and get some kind of inspiration. My parents are one hardworking couple, and are focused on their goals. Together, they have managed to accomplish much for our family, ensuring the psychological and physical well-being of my siblings and I. These have therefore taught me that, this is how a family should live. I have learnt the importance of hard work and being focused in life. I have always said that, in future, I want to be like my parents, if not better than them. Because of them, I have a different perspective toward life, and I appreciate that. My siblings too have been influenced by the kind of example our parents have set for us. Therefore, it might be strange if any of us shuns our family norms. These have guided us through different life stages, to bring us to our present state. My family, and especially my parents have been influential figures in my life, and I would wish to have the same influence on my family in future, since it is important.

I have different principles and values, which govern my life and how I respond to it. These guide me through decision-making, my social interactions, and how I react to different situations. I have always found peace and harmony deep inside, when I align my life with my core values. These represent my authentic self, and have continuously acted like my compass, giving me direction to the right place. I am aware and in touch with my values, and this has helped me overcome different moral situations in life.

First, I am driven by achievement. I am this ambitious person, who believes in achieving whatever I desire. I set my goals and work toward achieving them. Achievement therefore, motivates me and makes me work hard toward various goals. Additionally, the value of respect has been important to me. I respect myself and other people too. I always choose the best for myself and move away from all things and people that undermine my capabilities or me. This is as a sign of respect for myself. Similarly, I respect each person in their different capacities, especially the elderly people, who deserve respect no matter what. Respect has helped me live in harmony with others, while achievement has helped me live my dreams and desires. Although I have had personal challenges at some points, my core values have always taken me back on track. Nonetheless, I hope for a future, where I will be a better person in all spheres of life, having achieved all that I ever dream of today.

 

 

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Ethical Egoism

                Egoism is a philosophical position. If a person considers themselves egoists, they hold the belief that it is morally right for them and for anyone else to act in a selfish manner, putting personal interests first. Ethical egoism therefore, is a sub-category of egoism. Here, ethical egoists believe that people and their actions must be driven by self-interests only, and selfishness. In this case, selfishness means that a person puts their happiness as a priority over other people’s happiness and interests. Strict ethical egoists consider self-promotion as a virtue, and view altruism as immoral. On the other hand, the weaker ethical egoists consider self-promotion to be moral, but think that sometimes it is immoral to self-promote. Nonetheless, ethical egoism supports selfishness, including putting one’s self-interests first.

Ethical egoism differs with psychological egoism and rational egoism. In psychological egoism, it is believed that people act naturally act in their own self-interest. Rational egoists on the other hand, hold the belief that it is morally right to act rationally in one’s self-interests. Ethical egoism does not conform to the beliefs held in altruism and utilitarianism. While altruism holds that moral agents have the responsibility of meeting the needs of other people, ethical egoism puts one’s needs as a priority, and not the needs of other people. On the other hand, ethical utilitarianism posits that a person should have high regard for others more than themselves. However, by prioritizing the self-interests of an individual, ethical egoism makes a person have more regard for themselves, than for other people, therefore, contrasting ethical utilitarianism. Although ethical egoism expects one to put their own self-interests first, it does not require the moral agent to harm other people’s interests, in the course of their moral deliberation. This is because, a person’s self-interests either might influence other people positively or negatively, and sometimes might have no effect at all to other people. In addition, ethical egoists encourage moral agents to be more concerned with pursuing those self-interests that are not detrimental to oneself or other people. This is because of the fact that some personal interests have the capability of making one realize short-term pleasure, but might turn out to be harmful in the end. Therefore, ethical egoists have argued that moral agents in ethical egoism should embrace selfishness and not foolishness (Hinman 107).

In the nineteenth century, the philosopher, Max Stirner, was among the first proponents of ethical egoism, as a philosophical framework. Additionally, Hobbes Thomas also argued for ethical egoism, but at one point, he also argued that it was not possible for one to follow their long-term self-interests wholly, as this would results in a kind of inconsistency. He believed that part of pursuing one’s self-interests includes giving other people the opportunity to also pursue their long-term self-interests. According to Hobbes, this would require one to give up some of their long-term self-interests for the sake of others. Therefore, according to him, it is not possible for one to completely pursue their own self-interests alone, disregarding the other people. From Hobbes’ point of view, ethical egoism contains some elements of altruism, considering the fact that sometimes, some self-interest requires one to adopt some forms of altruistic principles (Hinman 121).

In order to evaluate the theory of ethical egoism, it is important to also consider how applicable it is in different real life situations. Ethical egoists put themselves first in all situations. They also look for ways of their personal benefits from every situation presented to them. These do not value sacrifices in life; that no one should sacrifice for another person, and so should no one sacrifice anything for them. The argument behind this is that, sacrifices portray the person sacrificing as weaker and the one being sacrificed for, as a better person. This theory posits that people act in self-interest, which is to a higher degree is right. This also holds that people’s actions are motivated by personal welfare. This is agreeable, as today, most people act in their self-interests and their personal interests motivate their actions. However, this theory does not impose its position on people, as it holds that people should act selfishly, and in their own self-interest. This does not say people must act selfishly. Therefore, it is upon the moral agent to choose which philosophical framework works right for them, depending on their personal principles, beliefs, and convictions (Geirsson and Holmgren 31).

Ethical egoism has weaknesses and strengths. The proponents of this theory actually base on what they regard as strong points of this theory. On the other hand, those against this theory have criticized it, basing on what they view as its weaknesses. Ethical egoism, from a personal perspective, has major flaws. By encouraging selfishness and self-promotion, this theory does not put moral duties into consideration. It does not look beyond personal happiness, which is the main goal for the moral agent. If a theory does not consider moral duties of its moral agents, this shows that this it lacks a moral framework to discourage some of the evils in society. In this case, one might kill another in pursuit of their self-interest, yet this theory does not categorically argue against this. Additionally, one might watch as another dies, but be reluctant to help, if that does not fulfil their self-interest. Therefore, to a greater extent, this theory could be justifying some of the societal evils, as long as they lead to the achievement of one’s self-interests. Other people’s self-interests also count. No single theory should argue against these. However, since ethical egoism does not put these into consideration, this theory lacks moral standards (Geirsson and Holmgren 40).

On the positive, this theory is easy to follow. This is because of the fact that it does not put many demands and restrictions on the moral agent. The moral agent only has to stick to selfishness, and only pursue their happiness, and nothing more. This is true because, if one compares ethical egoism with other theories in the philosophical context, one realizes that other theories put moral and ethical demands on the moral agents. For instance, in utilitarianism, the moral agents are charged with doing good for other people. Their actions must be motivated by wanting to meet other people’s needs. Ethical egoism on the other hand, has the moral agent to act as they wish, and gives them vast freedom of choice, as long as they embrace selfishness. Although this counts, it does not contribute to societal good. Generally, the theory of ethical egoism is implausible. Its proponents value and prioritize self-interests at the expense of the inclusion of other people (Hinman 125).

Conclusively, if all the above mentioned are taken into account, one realizes that the development of ethical egoism theory was influenced by the rising levels of individuality in society. The aspect of individuality has been core to Western culture, thus laying the foundation for development of ethical egoism as a philosophical framework. In ethical egoism, self-interest is core and regarded as valuable to all people. However, the concept of self-interest in this theory makes the theory implausible, since this concept is exaggerated, leaving no room for other interests in the society. It offers no room for altruism, therefore, making it lack a moral framework. This therefore, is quite controversial, since at a particular point in people’s social interactions and relationships, people always need to sacrifice their self-interests for the interests of others, for balancing social relations.

Works Cited

Geirsson, Heimir, and Holmgren, Margaret. “Ethical Theory, second edition: A Concise

Anthology.” New Jersey: Broadview Press, 2010. Print.

Hinman, Lawrence. “Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory.” New York: Cengage

Learning, 2011. Print.

 

 

 

 

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Personal Assessment on Writing and Research Skills

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16^th, February 2013

 

Introduction

            Writing is core to learning. Different courses require a student to write different papers, and most tests and examinations come in the form of writing, requiring a student to write papers, which will be assessed, and contribute to general grade. This therefore, calls for students to be good in writing. In most cases, the best academic performers have mastered the art of writing and research. For this reason, a student should possess writing and research skills, as this contributes to academic success. Writing is a continuous process, which I keep learning each year. Reading articles on research guide and plagiarism has boosted my knowledge of writing and research skills. I only need to put these into practice, to make a credible writer. In this essay, I will focus on my strengths and weaknesses in writing and research, as well as my growth plan in this issue (Jones & Farness, 2002).

Analysis of Strengths

Although I am not perfect in writing and researching, I possess considerable strengths in writing and research, which make me a good writer. First, I have mastered the aspect of plagiarism and I am able to avoid this in my writing. If a person plagiarises, that means the person does not want to think on his or her own, or they are just lazy. Plagiarising also means one is not original. Good writers are always original, as they are able to think and write down different ideas, without copying other people’s works. Therefore, plagiarism disqualifies one as a writer. Since I have some passion for writing, it might be hard to come by my works as plagiarised. This is a strength, which I am always proud of, considering there are people who still have difficulty in presenting work that is free of plagiarism. I am good at paraphrasing and summarising, as ways of avoiding plagiarism.

Sometime back, referencing was quite a challenge to me. I would use the MLA referencing style instead of APA, or sometimes mix the different aspects of these styles. I had not mastered the referencing aspects of research. Therefore, I had to refer to my textbook or consult friends, who would sometimes misguide me. Today, this has changed, as I now can write the references correctly, and follow all the referencing standards of different types of papers. This is because of the practice and dedication I put into learning and mastering referencing for various papers. Additionally, in writing, I really try to make my papers to be grammatically correct. I value communication, and believe that wrong grammar interferes with what a person tries to communicate. This is why I have to crosscheck and proofread my papers for any such errors, before handing in. These are some of my strengths in writing and research, which I believe have the capability of making me a better writer, if I capitalize on them.

Analysis of Weaknesses

In research, I too have my weaknesses, just like any other writer. First, the choice of a topic is always problematic to me. I have realized that I spend too much time trying to identify a topic in most of my researches. Despite this, I would still end up with a wrong topic, which the instructor would raise concerns about. In this case, I have realized that during the identification of a research topic, I do not narrow down the topic I select; instead, I end up settling for broad topics. If a topic is too broad, I have learnt that this lacks specificity and therefore, does not produce a quality research paper. When the topic is more specific, the research paper becomes more informative and detailed, since a specific issue is being addressed at that particular time (Jones & Farness, 2002).

Another weakness I have realized has to do with the formulation of a thesis statement. This is a concept of research that I have always been wrong about.  I have however, learnt that a thesis statement carries the main idea of the research paper. Whatever the paper discusses must be reflected in the thesis statement. In my case, I always fail to address the thesis statement in this context. Therefore, most of the times, I do my research, but I lose relevance in the course of my writing. I consider a paper that has not followed the guidelines about thesis statement as lacking relevance, since it veers off-topic. It is good that I realize these weaknesses in me. The decision to improve wholly lies on me; therefore, I must act to get rid of these weaknesses.

Growth Plan

            I uphold the principle that knowledge gained should be put to practice. I have gained considerable information about writing and research skills, which I believe; I should not put to waste. Therefore, a growth plan will help me use this knowledge to make me a better writer, by furnishing my writing and research skills. To achieve this, I need self-initiative, which will help me get motivated for this.

My growth plan with regard to writing and research mainly entails learning from my mistakes and taking of actions, using the acquired knowledge. Most importantly, I am going to put what I have learnt into practice. I will do this while paying special attention to my weaknesses. In addition, I will identify more weaknesses, which I could have failed to identify.  I will practise this by writing and researching at my free time, then assessing the essays and short research papers using the knowledge I have gained. This will help me to master the right things to do in writing and research, turning my weaknesses into strengths.  If I put all these into practice, I am sure to become a better writer than I was yesterday.

Conclusion

            Writing is a gradual process, which is also learnt. This process never ends, as even the polished writers will discover one element of writing, which they lacked, and will incorporate this into their writing. No one is born with research and writing skills, but people learn and acquire these skills through learning, determination, and practice.  It is important that one identifies their weaknesses and strengths in writing. Since I have identified mine, I will be able to build on my strengths and turn my weaknesses into strengths by working on them. Since practice makes perfect, I will use this approach to achieve a transformation from an average writer, into an exemplary writer in the near future.

 

Reference

Jones, P. & Farness, J. (2002). “College Writing Skills.” New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

 

 

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“The Effects of Alcohol use on High School Absenteeism” – An Analysis

The author of this article is Austin A. Wesley, and this features in the American Economist. Wesley is an author, as well as an assistant professor of Economics at the University of Louisiana. In the article, Wesley has used various angles to point at the impact of drug use to school absenteeism. The thesis of the author is that the use of alcohol among high school students leads to increased absenteeism, which is responsible for lower academic grades, and which consequently, influences the economy in a negative manner. This is so because school absenteeism lowers the educational outcomes, which are essential in the economy of a country.  The publisher of this article is the “Omicron Delta Epsilon Fraternity,” in the Los Angeles, United States. Having published this in 2012, the article is therefore barely one year old.

            Since the thesis depicts a negative relationship between school absenteeism and alcohol use among high school students, the author ensures to use the right approach in justifying this notion in the most appropriate ways. He therefore, uses clear examples and evidence to support this thesis of the article. Most examples used are those based on the study findings of various scholars of Economics on the same issue. He for instance uses data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).  Additionally, he employs other many findings from other Economics scholars in his literature review, and most of these similarly show a negative relationship between school absenteeism and alcohol use among students. This helped in establishing some effects of drugs and alcohol use on the educational outcomes.

            The author has ensured objectivity in this article, as he does not base the facts in the article on his own personal judgement. This article is not influenced by the author’s personal feelings or opinions. According to Letherby, Scott, and Malcolm, objectivity is important in research studies, as it eliminates different forms of bias (36).  Wesley ensures that the facts used in the article are credible and can be proved. Therefore, this article is devoid of bias of any aspect. In the literature review, the author uses past research findings, which support his thesis statement. Despite this, he goes ahead and criticizes these, with regard to the methodology they employed and other errors in the studies. However, Wesley is fair enough to also identify the potential weaknesses in the methodology he has chosen to address the issue. This shows his lack of inclination to his choice of methodology, which would have been a form of bias. Wesley chose to use data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), as his point of focus. This shows that close to 18 percent of the youth between 15-18 years old, and 43 percent of those between 18-25 years old participated in binge drinking, within the past month of the study (Wesley 240). Wesley then manipulates this data to come up with the most appropriate results, using the right methodology. Past studies on this topic have led to contradictory results, and have been regarded as unsatisfactory, as these have failed to give reliable results. This is why Wesley developed this study, in order to come up with credible, reliable, and authentic research findings for his study, unlike the other scholars of Economics. Therefore, Wesley in this article is purpose driven and objective.

The article is comprehensive and detailed, as the author ensures to break down all the facts and concerns raised in the article, making them more elaborate. The author identifies the effects of alcohol use on high school students in the social, physical, and economic contexts. However, he dwells on the economic context, as this is the main interest of the study. Here, the author reviews the attempts of other scholars in Economics to find out why school absenteeism in high schools due to alcoholism is a major concern in the field of Economics. He goes ahead and criticizes the methods these scholars used in finding out the relationship between these two variables. Different authors used different methods to establish this relationship, and this resulted in a disparity in their results. In order to find the relationship between these two, Wesley comes up with a better approach to achieve appropriate results. He approaches this by seeking the relationship between high school absenteeism due to alcoholism and the impact on human capital. Additionally, the method used to establish this relationship varies from those of other economics scholars. By identifying the data from NSDUH, the author is able to establish the relationship between these two, as the data allows for the IV regression methodology.

Although the author utilizes data from NSDUH, he identifies some of the biases in the data, and why this affects the results finding. Data from NSDUH was collected through self-responses, thereby giving an opportunity to the non-random measurement error. Therefore, by choosing the IV regression methodology, the author ensures that this eliminates the non-measurement error, for accurate results: “A potentially problematic facet of the data is non-random measurement error emanating from the self-reported nature of responses. Although IV will eliminate bias from random measurement error, it cannot salvage data suffering from systematic measurement error” (246).

            This article is convincing in its agreement, as the author has used a variety of facts as evidence to show the impact of alcohol use on school absenteeism. Apart from the data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), the author also uses literature review to integrate views and findings from other authors in the specific context. In support of the claims made by the author in this article, at least most of the other authors such as Cook and Moore in the literature review agree that alcohol use leads to absenteeism due to the intoxication it causes. However, only Jenny et al. emphasize a positive relationship between alcohol use by high school students, and their economic performance. In arriving at the result, the author takes a systematic approach in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of other scholars’ findings, as well as those weaknesses and strengths his own methodology presents. However, comparing the author’s approach in this article and those employed by other scholars on the same issue, Wesley’s argument is more convincing. Nonetheless, this article is informative and reliable with regard to the relationship between school absenteeism due to alcoholism and economics.

Works Cited

Austin, Wesley. “The Effects of Alcohol use on High School Absenteeism.” American

Economist 57.2 (2012): 238-52. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.

Cook, Phillip and Moore, Michael. “Drinking and schooling.” Journal of Health Economics,

12.4 (1993): 411-29. Print.

Jenny, Williams, Lisa, Powell and Wechsler, Henry. “Does alcohol consumption reduce

human capital accumulation? Evidence from the college alcohol study.” Applied Economics, 35.10 (2003): 1227-1239. Print.

Letherby, Gayle, Scott, John and Malcolm, Williams. “Objectivity and Subjectivity in Social

Research.” London: SAGE, 2012. Print.

 

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Supplements, Diet Pills, Drug Recalls, and Health Marketing

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13^th, February 2013

 

Different issues in the field of health sciences and medicine have raised many controversies. While to some, these might seem right and healthy, to others, these are risky, therefore, unacceptable. Issues regarding the usefulness of supplements to humans and use of diet pills have on different occasions aroused heated debates among the practitioners and scholars in this field. Additionally, drug recalls and health marketing has led to contradictory views in the way these are practiced. Furthermore, different researches carried on these aspects, have given forth results, which are sometimes slightly contradictory. Therefore, it might be challenging to establish where the real facts about these issues lie. Nonetheless, it is important that transparency be embraced in the field of health sciences and medicine, with regard to issues that directly affect health of people, who are consumers of drugs and other health products. Full information on such issues must be made available to the consumers, so that they can make the right decisions, with regard to their health.

With respect to supplements, there have been varied perceptions of these, their function, usefulness in society, and impact on human health. While some researches and views point to their benefits, others reveal the risks involved when using them. In an article in the Wall street journal, by Corbett (2011), food supplements are considered of little benefit to human beings, but only as presenting health risks to them. This article was based on a research conducted among specific women. This revealed that women who used supplements had a higher risk of dying than those who did not use supplements. On the other hand, the presenters dwelt on the benefits of supplements. In their presentation, the negative side of supplements was not highlighted with the weight it needs. They recommended supplements for bodybuilders, diabetics, athletes, and seniors. Some of the benefits of protein supplements were that, they enhance muscle synthesis. These also strengthen a person’s immune system, and help in weight loss. The only problem identified with supplements is that they may lead to negative effects, if they are taken in an overdose, or the wrong way. Therefore, there is a difference in how food supplements have been perceived by the presenters, and the article in the Wall Street journal, in terms of the seriousness of the issue (Corbett, 2011).

Another article in the Wall Street journal by Hobson (2011) equally addresses special concerns about supplements. In this article, one learns that not all supplements can be trusted. On the contrast, the presenters addressed the issue of various supplements, but did not bring to the knowledge of the audience that not all supplements are credible. In the article, Hobson used a case of a drug that had been recalled by the Food and Drug Administration, but was still sold in the market, as an investigation showed. This therefore, points out that there is a possibility that some supplements in the market are illegal, thus, harmful to the body. This is a fact, which the presenters failed to address during their presentation. Nonetheless, the presenters mentioned that some supplements in the market are useless. This, they referred to the period of the 1980s, when supplements were a big business. This then led to some manufacturers to start producing useless products, which did not result in the expected result. Specifically, these were protein supplements that were sold to bodybuilders, who lacked the power to discern them and prove their effectiveness. These two cases, therefore, raise a concern about the knowledge of consumers about the supplements they purchase in the market. These then need to be enlightened and informed in order for them to stop purchasing fake or illegal products (Hobson, 2011).

The presenters, apart from highlighting the benefits of different supplements, also highlighted the possible negative effects of supplements. The article by Hobson (2011) in the Wall Street journal also identifies some of the negative effects of supplements. Similarly, another article by Corbett in the Wall Street journal also identifies the negative side of supplements, based on research findings (Corbett 2011). With all these pointing to the negative effects of supplements, it is proof enough that supplements might not be good for human health, as it appears that their negative side is more pronounced than their benefits. Today however, these supplements are in the market, and are consumed by more than half of the US adult population. The concerned regulatory bodies such as FDA have approved most of these supplements. According to the article by Corbett (2011), research shows that supplements with Iron are more risky and increase the likeliness of a person to die earlier. The concern that rises is that, “Are not there any ways through which supplements can be made less risky to consumers?” Only supplements with Calcium are safe, therefore recommended. This raises concerns especially given the large number of people who consume supplements. FDA and other related bodies should therefore, practice their authority, to ensure that manufacturers produce supplements that are healthy for use by consumers. The findings in these articles therefore, put to question the authority limits of FDA and other regulatory bodies, in their mandate (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2012).

On the diet pills, the presenters highlighted the positives of diet pills, such as being appetite suppressants, altering the rate of fat absorption, and increasing body metabolism. They as well highlighted the negatives, which include heart disease, liver damage, among others. Similarly, in another article by Hobson (2011) in the Wall Street journal, the health risks of weight loss pills are also emphasized. This is with respect to the over-the-counter pills, which are manufactured with harmful ingredients that have negative impact on one’s health. In this article, a research on Brazilian women living in Massachusetts revealed that most of them used supplements that were recalled by FDA. This then according to the researchers showed that these women were likely to use alternative weight-loss pills. Lack of information, therefore, is the greatest hindrance to most people purchasing safe health products. The presenters identified weight-loss pills that are approved by Food and Drug Administration. They then mentioned the risks of weight-loss pills, which are many. Therefore, in both cases, there is emphasis on the harmful nature of weight loss pills. However, one might be concerned with reasons why these weight-loss pills are approved, despite the harmful effects they have on the consumer (Hobson, 2011).

Health marketing is an important aspect in the field of health sciences and medicine, as it is to the other fields. There are also contrasting views on how this should be conducted appropriately in the field of health sciences. The presenters highlighted some of the best practices in health marketing. These include proper labeling of products and approval by the concerned bodies such as FDA to ensure the legality of the product. In an article in the Wall Street journal by Corbett (2011), the health marketing issue is addressed with attention to a particular over-the-counter weight-loss supplement, called “Pai You Guo,” which was being sold illegally in medical stores. This had ingredients that were potentially harmful to human health. The Food and Drug Administration had banned these ingredients, namely sibutramine and phenolphthalein, back in 2009. In this article, it comes out that labeling is important to the consumer, and therefore, all consumers must check the labels of health products before purchasing them. The presenters, who argue in the same manner, also hold this view. Therefore, this article and the presenters, hold the same opinion, that health products must be tested by going through the standard procedure, before they are released to the market. Health and medicinal products should therefore, not be sold in the market illegally.

In another article by Brechka (2012), about the winning supplements, the most used and liked supplements have been identified, by virtue of votes by the consumers. This probably shows that these supplements are genuine, as they have followed the required steps before being let out into the market. This in a way markets them, as more consumers will want to buy them. From the pictures, these have been labeled, and even the details of their ingredients made available to the consumers. Therefore, just as the presenters addressed the issue of labeling, so has this article taken that into account. It is more probable that no fake supplement was featured in the winners list. Fake supplements do not adhere to the standards of Food and Drug Administration, and therefore, most are not sold in public, for fear of being recalled and sanctioning. This article therefore, shares the same views with the presenters on the importance of supplements being approved by the concerned regulatory body, before they are released into the market. Advertising of these products become easier, since they are legal products in the market (Brechka, 2007).

Another article by Cowen (2007) in the New York Times about health insurance, points out that, both government and private health insurance have a common problem. In both cases, both patients and doctors might look for alternative means, if the system does not favor them. In the article, the author recognizes that in the United States, the health system pays less attention to the elderly population, as compared to European systems, where the elderly are given attention. The presenters mentioned the fact that supplements are highly used by people, including the old. Therefore, the elderly in countries where they are not given priority might seek health care from intermediaries, and mainly through the alternatives such as supplements. In both cases therefore, lack of satisfactory health care might make people look for alternatives, which include supplements. Underpayment of medical practitioners has also been identified by Cowen as a factor that might make them engage in other medical practices in order to make extra money. As identified by the presenters, use of supplements is on the rise, and therefore, according to Cowen, some doctors might be taking part in selling of supplements as a way of surviving the health system. Patients too might rely too much on supplements and other alternatives, when the mainstream health care system is quite ineffective. Therefore, the presenters pointed out the level of usage of supplements, while Cowen attempts to explain possible reasons behind this (Cowen, 2007).

The Food and Drug Administration mainly effects drug recalls in the United States. This involves calling off prescriptions and other over-the-counter drugs from the market. The article in the Wall Street journal by Hobson (2011), categorically notes that the Food and Drug Administration had recalled “Pai You Guo,” a weight loss supplement that was being sold in the market. This was because of some of its harmful ingredients, which had also been banned few years ago. Although the Food and Drug Administration had recalled this drug, research showed that its circulation in the market continued. All the respondents that participated in the research admitted to using the recalled supplement, though they had no information that the food supplement had been recalled. This therefore, shows that FDA in the United States has not put much effort in ensuring that all recalled health and medicinal products are made known to most Americans. While the presenters identified the importance of health products being approved by the Food and Drug Administration, they did not address the situation as it is in the country, and whether the FDA is effective or not in its mandate. Additionally, this case shows that ignorance is the major challenge in making recalls effective. For instance, the consumers buying recalled drugs buy them from sources that are trusted in the country, including online purchases. Nonetheless, supplements with no distributor or manufacturer information, and are in a foreign language should be suspected by consumers (Hobson, 2011).

Conclusively, the presenters addressed important issues about different types of supplements in the market today. The other sources too described different aspects concerning supplements, including their effects and circumstances under which these are sold or purchased. Comparing and contrasting different issues in these sources takes different directions, as some agree, while others disagree just slightly. Nonetheless, from all these, the fact remains that most supplements have health risks, therefore, consumers should be careful and not be overdependent on them. This also applies to diet pills. Additionally, the regulatory bodies such as FDA should play their roles effectively in controlling supplements in the market. These should also train the public on facts about supplements, and inform them about recalled drugs in the market. This is a concern because most people with no medicine-oriented education background tend to be ignorant about important health issues.

 

References

American Society of Health-System Pharmacy. (2012, February 15). One IVIG mystery

solved, another demands vigilance. Retrieved from http://www.ashp.org/menu/News/PharmacyNews/NewsArticle.aspx?id=3666

Brechka N. (2012, November). The Winner’s Circle of Supplements. Better Nutrition. Retrieved

from http://www.betternutrition.com/best-of-supplements-awards-2012/columns/askthenaturopath/1277

Corbett, J., D. (2011, Oct 11). Supplements offer risks, little benefit, study says. Wall Street

Journal. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/897002991?accountid=28190

Cowen, T. (2007, March 22). Abolishing the Middlemen Won’t Make Health Care a Free Lunch.

The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/business/22scene.html?_r=0

Hobson. K. (2011, August).Best of the Health Blog: Study: Women Still Use Diet Pill

Despite Recall. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/883831991?accountid=28190

 

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