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Energy

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. It is neither created nor destroyed but it can be stored and converted into different forms that include electrical, light, mechanical, nuclear and chemical. Potential energy is stored energy while kinetic energy is energy in motion. This report looks into the physics of energy and addresses pertinent energy issues affecting the country.

Electricity is one of the fundamental forms of energy; it occurs naturally as lightning or it is produced by other means. It is formed because of movement current through a medium due to electron charge potential difference. Any matter is made up of atoms that are smallest element of a particle. The atom consists of subatomic particles i.e. electrons, neutrons and protons. The electrons revolve around the nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, along an orbit. It is important to note that each atom has a specific number of protons, neutrons and electrons. Electrons are negatively charged, protons positively charged and neutrons are neutral. Electrons have the ability to flow from one atom to another altering the charge potential of an atom. A charged atom is known as an atom. The flow of electrons between consecutive atoms creates a current that generates electricity.

Energy is measured in joules and one thousand joules is equal to one British thermal unit. Good conductors are materials that offer limited resistance to the flow of current while insulators resist the flow of current through them. The measure of the ability of a material to conduct electricity is called resistance. An electric circuit is a continuous loop that allows the flow of current. The circuit consists of the energy source that offers the potential difference to facilitate the flow of current, the conductors made up of good conductors and the switch that acts as a current regulator. The force that propels electrons around a circuit is called a volt.

Electrical energy is generated through various ways. Thermal power plants generate electricity by the use of steam. Water is brought to the boiler, which heats it up to steam. Most boilers use coal, oil, natural gas or wood to provide the energy. The steam is transported through pipes from the boiler to the turbine where the heat energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy by the turbines. Turbines consist of hundreds of blades arranged in a specific angle to facilitate rotary movement once subjected to high-pressure steam. A generator is connected to the turbine to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The steam from the turbines is cooled off to water by cooling towers and then redirected back to the turbines. There are various ways. The shaft from the turbine is connected the generator which generates electricity by cutting the magnetic field to induce voltage into a cupper wire.

From the generator power is transmitted to a transformer that steps up the voltage since it is efficient to transmit power in high voltage. From the power station, high voltage transmission lines transport electricity to substations near the consumers. Substations have transformers that step down the power to a suitable magnitude depending on the needs of the consumer. Every consumer has a meter to bill his consumption, which he pays to the relevant utility company. A circuit box is placed after the meter to regulate the flow of current and to act as a safety device incase of short-circuit.

The major source of energy is fossil fuels; coal, oil and natural gas. They are formed from ancient organic decomposed material subjected under intense temperature and pressure under the earth crust. Another major source of energy is biomass that consists of organic waste, ethanol and firewood. Other sources include geothermal energy, hydropower, nuclear power, ocean energy, solar energy and wind energy. Nuclear energy is achieved through fission and fusion of atoms to produce energy. The sources of energy can be grouped into two major categories; renewable and non-renewable depending on their ability to be regenerated and level of abundance.

As of recent, the energy sector has been under increased criticism due to its role in contributing to global warming and climate change. The main culprit in this debate is continual over reliance on fossil fuels to produce energy. During combustion, fossil fuels produce carbon monoxide, methane and carbon monoxide gases that are major contributors to global warming. On a positive note, renewable energy solutions are being developed to fill this gap especially in the areas of solar power, wind and geothermal power.

However, although nuclear energy offers many prospects to be a leading energy provider its impact on the environment is tainting its image. The wastes from nuclear plants are radioactive exposing the environment to serious damage once disposed. In addition, there are safety concerns on the operations of nuclear power plants and the high risk involved incase an accident occurs.

Another issue of concern is the use of bio-fuels. It is argued that the continued substituting food crops to fuel crops the leading contributor to the current global food crisis. However, proponents to the move claim that only areas with that un-cultivatable are being used.

As the demand for energy grows exponentially, the need for cheaper and clean energy is becoming an area of interest for energy stakeholders. One of the areas being fronted as the energy for the future is the use of hydrogen gas to produce energy. Research shows it is a fuel of high energy and it is carbon neutral. In addition, the use of energy saving appliances and efficient machines will go along way to reduce our energy consumption rates.

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Integrative Models Paper

Considering the current dynamic culture and the whole society, there will be need for better family focused integrative therapy to help families stay healthy. In addition, considering changing influences on behavior especially on the adolescent children, there will be need for integrative model that not only centers on the problem, but also the whole family including causes within the family. In addition, to ensure there is progress, there will be need for a scientific model for assessing the effectiveness of models used. Integrative models make use of several approaches to a particular family in order to cover more areas rather than just the problem, while other factors could be contributing (Christensen, Atkins, Berns, Wheeler, Baucom, & Simpson, 2004). This paper looks at one of the models and evaluates its effectiveness in helping families fight issues within their homes using the scientific method.

Therapists to families have been undecided concerning schools of thought that are best fit for family intervention. However, they have recognized that there cannot be one efficient approach to family therapy intervention. It was also recognized that the traditional methods were only half-effective in helping families. However, despite therapists not knowing what makes family and couple therapy work, they have realized that it results from several approaches rather than one. Instead of coming up with another approach to family therapy, Neil Jacobson and Andrew Christensen sought to integrate several elements from the traditional approaches in order to make family and couple therapy more effective (Christensen, et al, 2004).

In their work, they combined elements such as strategic, Bowenian, experiential, as well as object relations approaches with the traditional therapy approaches to come up with an integrated approach. This proved to be quite successful considering it used several approaches. The approach focuses on offering support as well as emotional support and empathy, as opposed to the traditional approaches that only focused on teaching couples what to do theoretically. The integrative couples’ therapy is more practical and ensures guidance and support to the couple as well as the family along the therapy sessions.

The approach follows several steps, which include the first phase concerned with formulating a strategy, the process of polarization, a mutual trap and fostering acceptance. In the formulation stage, couples are encouraged not to pass the blame on each other; rather, they are encouraged to accept issues, as they are in order to allow change to occur. The main issue is then identified, which is considered the focus of the therapy (Jacobson, Christensen, Prince, Cordova, & Eldridge, 2000). The couple’s conflicting or destructive issues are identified and defined. The mutual trap seeks to identify the behavior between the two partners that enhance or maintain the destructive behaviors or keep the conflicting issues. Fostering acceptance or emotional acceptance, where Jacobson and Christensen state that some issues may not be solved with compromise and acceptance, comes in. They further state that a couple’s greatest harm is not the incompatibilities between them; rather, it is the negative response and rigid emotional attitudes towards such issues that could be developed due to lack of solving them (Jacobson, et al, 2000).

The model suggests several ideas that couples can use in order to make their relationship better. They suggest that talking about feelings concerning the problems or focusing on the feelings brought about by the problem makes it worse. Rather, a couple should focus on taking an action to solve the problems, which will eliminate the issues and therefore take away the hard feelings. It also suggests that all partners can be in a position to learn skills of eliminating the bad behaviors that lead to problems in their relationship (Jacobson, et al, 2000). In addition, all couples can learn ways of coming to a compromise in the relationship to solve issues, which would help in making all partners happier. This model is better than the traditional ones that focused on teaching the couples what to do through mere counseling, and focuses on all areas that could help in solving the issue. Through following the steps, a couple can realize their behaviors that contribute to their conflicts. This way, a solution would be easier to find after all causal factors are known and analyzed (Davis, & Piercy, 2007).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the integrative couples’ therapy has shown a big improvement from the traditional approaches that only instructed rather than giving support that is more crucial. In finding out the effectiveness of the integrative couples’ therapy model, therapists used the scientific model where a comparison of a couple undergoing therapy using the model is compared to one using the traditional approaches (Shadish, & Baldwin, 2005). Through such a comparison, several results that highlight its effectiveness have been found.

It was found that through using the traditional approaches, there was improvement in the couple at the initial stages of the therapy. This was seen to improve only half the number of couples. More research has shown that only a third of the couples using the traditional approach are able to recover from their conflicts completely at the end of the therapy. Others will remain stressed with their problems still hurting them after the therapy is over. Two year after the traditional therapy, almost a third of the couples reported that their relationship was even worse than it was before therapy. Four years after therapy has been done, couples who still find their situation worse after therapy are usually divorced. The reason was identified as lack of communication in the relationship after therapy (Shadish, & Baldwin, 2005).

The integrative couples’ therapy model incorporates the traditional models with enhancing communication skills that couples can learn to use when they have problems. This way, they are able to realize what is causing the problem rather than keeping quiet about it, leaving issues unsolved. Research has shown that using the newly integrative model that enhances communication maintains a lasting effect after therapy is over. The new model helps couples in solving their own issue alone using good communication (Shadish, & Baldwin, 2005). The main idea behind the model that makes it effective is a circular process that assesses the interventions and seeks to maintain the process so that problems will always be solved (Hutchinson, 2007).

References

Christensen, A. et-al. (2004). Traditional versus Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy for Significantly and Chronically Distressed Married Couples, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 176–191.

Davis, S.D., & Piercy, F. P. (2007). What Clients of Couple Therapy Model Developers and Their Former Students Say about Change, Part Ii: Model-Independent Common Factors and an Integrative Framework. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33 (3): 344-363.

Hutchinson, L. (2007). Integrative Couples Therapy 01. Retrieved from: http://mftexam.ning.com/profiles/blogs/790357:BlogPost:162

Jacobson, N. S., Christensen, A., Prince, S. E., Cordova, J., and Eldridge, K. (2000). Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy an Acceptance-Based, Promising New Treatment for Couple Discord. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 351-355.

Shadish, W.R., & Baldwin, S.A. (2005). The effects of behavioral marital therapy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 6-14.

 

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Case Studies

C.K 4.3 Question 3

Accounting majors have the responsibility of gathering, analyzing, interpreting and communicating information regarding a company or organization’s financial position. This means that they should report any irregularities or areas of concern to the responsible authority so that the necessary arrangements can be done. If the stock turnover is irregularly high or the petty cash cannot be accounted for, the accounting majors have the responsibility of reporting these incidences. Failure to do this will lead to the downfall of the company. However, they do not have a greater ethical responsibility than the other business majors do since the managers, the procurement officers, the clerks, amongst other majors have a great responsibility too. The business is dependent on all these areas.

C.K 4.5 Question 1

The “Arrests and Convictions” question has two or more ways of being answered. I can choose to uphold the truth as the office-managing partner has little to no chances of knowing about the case since it will not be recorded. I also have the other option of writing about the charges since the office managing partner can find out about the truth anyway. It will be worse if he finds out that I lied. Additionally, if the decision has not already been made the judge, he might turn down the advocate’s plea and convict me. This will put me into more trouble as I will have lied to the company. My response to this question will be to say ‘Yes’ to the question. I was in a party and the police found me in possession of alcohol as a minor. However, I was not convicted as it was my first time and I promised to keep off trouble in the next two years.

C.K 4.7 Question 1

According to CPA ethical responsibilities, client confidentiality means that an accountant, auditor or any other member of CPA is not allowed to disclose a client’s information to any parties not consented by the client or any parties unauthorized by the law. In my opinion, David Quinn violated this confidentiality rule. This is because he was talking about a client’s financial position, suggestions/requests to other employees from another firm. He was also revealing this information in a public place. Additionally, any other people within twenty feet of the table could also overhear this conversation. He was allowed to talk to anybody, whether it was Debbie or any other person not on the client’s case, about the client’s information. He had violated the rule.

C.K 6.1 Question 2

In my opinion, Vaughn overreacted to Walker’s admission that she had not been truthful about the CPA exam. Walker did not act with integrity when she lied about the CPA exams. She should have been truthful from the beginning. Similarly, one may not know about what else she might lie about in future or what she has lied about in the past. Integrity is very important at any level of a profession. However, the untruthfulness from Walker did not call for work dismissal. If I was in Vaughn’s position, I would have reprimanded Walker’s actions and taken another disciplinary action such as work suspension for a couple of days. This is because Walker had never been in some other kind of trouble, hardworking and she was apologetic of the incident. If I was in Robert’s position, I would have recommended a more lenient disciplinary action since she hardworking and this was a first time misconduct.

C.K 6.4 Question 1

A staff accountant does the basic work of collecting and reviewing data and information from the client. On the other hand, the audit senior supervises the work done by the staff accountant, ensures that the correct procedures are formed and makes sure visits the client in order to enquire about particular unclear information. The more important role is that of the staff accountant. This is because he is the one engaged in the collecting information and doing the most fundamental part of the work. Hours required to carry out a particular task are allocated to the staff accountant. On the other hand, the role of the audit senior is the most stressful. This is because he supervises all the work done and he is responsible for the mistakes done by the staff accountant. He should know everything regarding the client and the staff accountant.

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KoreaSillaKingdom

Silla was among three kingdoms Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje, in Korea, and was deemed one of the longest surviving dynasties in the history of Asia (Peterson, 5). Originally, the Silla dynasty was founded by king HyeokgeosePark- who is also viewed as being the originator of the Park Korean family name. However, Park’s dynasty was to see the clan from Gyeongju Kim seized hold of power for the majority of its 992 historical background. Silla initially began as chiefdom in the once allied Samhan confederacies in China. The dynasty’s progress saw the chiefdom conquer the other two kingdoms, Goguryeo, and Baekje in 668 AD (Peterson, 18).

Shifting of Power

The clan from Park’s lineage managed to hold on to the Silla dynasty for three generations before being ousted by an organized coup from members of a clan from the Seok lineage. In the course of the reign of the first Seok king, Talhae of Silla, the presence of Kim’s clan in Silla is identified in form of a tale that describes the birth of Kim Alji in a golden box that is later found Hogong (Kim, 32). The clans from both Seok and Park lineage are in constant warfare as each try to get hold of power but are both overthrown Kim’s clan in the midst of the war. The clan from Kim managed to hold on to power over Silla for many generations through sole rule with the Seok and Park clan deemed as nobility.

Founding   

During the period when the three kingdoms were still proto dynasties, the southern and central city states were segmented into three Samhan confederacies. Silla started out as Saro-guk miniature state with twelve jinham confederacies, six clans and six villages. In accordance with records from Korea, king Park Hyeokgeose is considered Silla’s founder in present day Gyeongju around 57 BC (Peterson, 25). Tales assert that Hyeokgeose hatched from an egg laid by a white horse. When he turned thirteen, six clans established Saro and submitted to Hyeokgeose as king.

Early Period

Silla already existed as chiefdom in the second century in the southeastern Korea as a distinct state. Its influence expanded over to the neighboring chiefdoms in Jinham. However, Sila was probably the greatest loose federation city state by the third century (Kim, 36). In the west, Baekje organized itself to form a kingdom through overtaking the confederacy in Mahan. Towards the southwest of Korea, the confederacy in Gaya was progressively overtaking Byeonhan, and Goguryeowas growing into threatening power by destroying the final commander from China.

Later Period

Silla allied with Tang Dynasty from China later in the seventh century. 660 saw Silla subjugate Baekje and eight years later, Silla conquered northern Goguryeo through General Kim Yu-Shin under the then king Munmu. The following decade saw Silla engage in endless warfare as the dynasty attempted to create Tang colonies by expelling Chinese forces to finally establish its rule throughout Korea as far as modern Pyongyang (Peterson, 42). Silla’s middle period witnessed its end through king Hyegong’s assassination in 780. The remaining years after the kings death saw kingship in Silla reduced to just a figure head as aristocratic families grew independent of central management. Thereafter, it was decided that Kingship would only reside in King Wonseong’s House.

Rise and Fall

Silla’s final hundred and fifty years were ones filled with civil war and threatening upheaval as kingship was only reduced to a mere figurehead as powerful aristocratic families began to dictate proceedings as they began to gain power outside the royal court and capital. The end of this period is referred to as “Later Three Kingdoms” saw brief emergence of kingdoms Goguryeo and Baekj. These two kingdoms characterized military forces that capitalized on their historical backgrounds that led to Silla submitting to Goryeo later on (Peterson, 84).

Culture

With the time at which this civilization existed, it has been hard to establish exactly what their culture involved. However, there are some Silla tombs found in Gyeongju center. These tombs were constructed in stone chambers surrounded by soil mounds suggesting that this civilization practiced sculpturing (Pak, 24). More so, jewels and gold crowns were found in the tombs to suggest Silla had a culture of smelting gold and exonerating high authorities.

 

Works Cited

Kim, Chong-sun. “Silla Economy and Society.” Korean Studies. 28.1 (2005): 75-104. Print.

Pak, Ch’ŏn-su. “Kaya and Silla in Archaeological Perspective.” Early Korea. 1 (2008): 113-153. Print.

Peterson, Mark, and Phillip Margulies. A Brief History of Korea. New York, NY: Facts On File, 2010. Print.

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Phonemic Awareness Lesson

One kindergarten age student was identified and the following assessments pertaining to phoneme awareness administered. The first assessment was on phoneme isolating. During this step the student was asked to listen to the beginning of some of the words uttered and identify the first sound of the word. The words uttered to the student were mouse, teeth, bat and goat (Edwards, 1998). The student scored fifty percent. The second test involved phoneme blending assessment. During this stage, the instructor utters all the sounds included in certain words, the student was then asked to put the sounds together and identify the word. The words used during this assessment included dog, nest, man and big (Chapman, 1993). The student scored fairly well on this test. The last test administered on the student involved the Yopp-Singer test of Phonemic Segmentation. During this test, words were uttered for the student and student asked to break the each of the words apart and say the different sounds identified in each of the uttered words (Bynum, 1999).

Lesson plan

Title: Phonological Awareness

Overview/Annotation:         During this lesson, the identified student is expected to expound his comprehensive and cognitive abilities pertaining to phonological awareness. This is achieved by engaging the student in activities that focus on identification of beginning of sounds, Phoneme Blending and Phonemic Segmentation.

Learning goals:

• Exhibit letter-sound association, this is in addition to identifying letters to corresponding spoken sounds and blending letter sounds into one-syllable words with the use of print material.
• Demonstrate phonemic awareness. This is through the recognition and classification of phonemes, verbally blending of phonemes into single-syllable expressions, fragmenting single-syllable expressions into phonemes, and rhyming.
• Exhibit preliminary comprehension of letter-sound relationships.

Duration of the Lesson: The lesson consists of two lessons of forty minutes each.

Equipment and Materials:

Bag of Sounds: small objects representing various words; Scavenger Hunt: small objects representing syllables of various words.

Background/Preparation:

The student should have background knowledge of the letters of the alphabet and how to utter their sounds.

Procedures/Activities:

1.) Lesson one: Bag of Sounds

During this lesson, a collection of words with similar beginning sound are collected. These words include book and ball, pencil and penny. One of the pair of the object words is placed on the tray with the other placed inside a bag. The student is then asked to pull an object from the bag and match it with an object word on the tray.

2.) Lesson two: Scavenger Hunt

During this lesson, the student is asked to guess the word uttered by the instructor when the instructor utters all the sounds included in certain words.

Fork – /f/ /or/ /k/ Juice – /j/ /oo/ /s/ Cup – /k/ /u/ /p/

Chip – /ch/ /i/ /p/ Bread – /b/ /r/ /e/ /d/ Ham – /h/ /a/ /m/

Assessment:

• Identify objects in the tray that are similar to those in the bag.
• Complete the whole words whose syllables are uttered by the instructor.

Phonics (alphabetic principle) activity

Anticipatory Set: The student is asked to recite the various letters of the alphabet.

Objective and Purpose: The lesson is designed to enhance the student’s memory ability in identifying the various upper case letters of the alphabet and match them with their lower counterparts (Lester, 1999).

Input: The student is given flashcards of both uppercase letters and lower case letters. The student is then asked to identify the upper case letters and match them with their lower case counterparts. The student is then asked to identify a word that has that sound.

Guided Practice:

The student attempts the modeled activity under the tutelage of the instructor. The instructor corrects the student when he errs during the activity.

Independent Practice

The student undertakes the modeled activity on his own.

 

References

Bynum, J. (1999). Altoona Baboona. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace & Co. (phoneme substitution)

Chapman, C. (1993). Pass the Fritters, Critters. New York: Scholastic, Inc. (rhyming)

Edwards, P. (1998). Some Smug Slug. Harper Trophy. (alliteration)

Lester, H. (1999). Hooway For Wodney Wat. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. (phoneme substitution)

 

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Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse gases are gases that trap the infrared radiation in the atmosphere. The most common and abundant greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and water vapor. Oceans and forests are therefore important since they contain the two gases in abundant. Other greenhouse gases include methane and nitrous oxide. The greenhouse gases ensure that not all heat from the sun is deflected back into the atmosphere. The green house gases make it possible for the sunlight to enter the atmosphere, and this causes an increase in temperature. The gases are able to absorb the light because they are transparent to the visible light from the sun, yet they are opaque to the earth’s energy. The natural greenhouse gases are able to maintain and regulate the earth’s temperature. Without these gases, the heat from the sun would be re-radiated, and the temperatures would be low. The temperature would drop from around 57°F to -2.2°F and the earth would have an average temperature of -4°F. Some human activities causes increased emission of green house gases, and this in turn causes global warming.

Greenhouse gases that occur naturally are important and it would not be possible to sustain life on earth without them. However, human activities have contributed to the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to the extent that they have become more dangerous than useful. This is because the gases end up absorbing and trapping more heat than is necessary. Carbon dioxide levels have increased tremendously over the years, especially since the beginning of industrialization. This is because of the burning of fossil fuels, which include oil, gas and coal, which increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Other human activities such as the use of fertilizers and other farming practices also contribute to the increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Activities such as deforestation also contribute to global warming because the earth does not have enough trees to absorb the carbon dioxide. Fermentation of livestock waste also increases the levels of methane in the atmosphere.

A runaway greenhouse effect occurs when the greenhouse gases absorbs too much heat from the atmosphere than they are able to radiate back. This means that there is increased heat than the earth can handle. Some scientists believe that it is possible to have a runaway greenhouse effect on the earth by increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They estimate that this will happen in about two billion years. Their belief and assumption is based on the fact that a runaway greenhouse effect happened to the planet Venus a few billion years ago. The increased water vapor in the atmosphere will cause more heat in the earth, and more evaporation, which will in turn cause the ocean to boil. Some scientists however differ with this argument and they argue that it is not possible for the earth to experience a runaway greenhouse effect. They argue that the earth has the capability to sustain itself by constantly renewing its resources.

People can use different methods to ensure that they reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. When the engineers design buildings, they can ensure that they design them in such a way that the buildings use less energy. This will ensure that less fossil energy is burned. Other household equipment and appliances such as refrigerators and water heaters can be manufactured in such a way that they consume less energy, or alternative sources of energy.

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Euthanasia

Introduction

An episode in the seventh season of the ongoing television program known as Grey’s Anatomy was very eye-catching. Dr. Hunt (Kelvin Mckidd) had some issues because of an experience he once went through when he was an army doctor. He and his senior were on their way to attend some wounded shoulders when they got an accident. His senior was badly hurt especially on his neck as he had a deep cut. The senior stopped the bleeding by pressing his hand on the wound. After some time, Dr. Hunt held the cut with his hand. After waiting for help for sometime, the senior asked Dr. Hunt to remove the hand from the cut so that he would bleed to death. He said that he was in a lot of pain and help was taking too long to arrive. After pleading with him for a very long time, Dr. Hunt let his senior, who was also his friend bleed to death. After a while, a helicopter arrived. This brings to mind the ongoing debate on whether euthanasia should be ethically allowed. Euthanasia should be seen as a means to an end and not just ending a life for the sake of it.

Euthanasia is the act of ending a life intentionally with the motive of relieving the individual from an agony or pain (Friedman 5). In most cases, this act takes place with the help of a medical doctor. However, there are cases where individuals a forced to make decisions between death and death only that one of the options has an almost zero percent of the individual surviving while the other has a hundred percent death result. The debate on whether euthanasia is ethically and morally right may continue. However, the fact remains that euthanasia, whether physician assisted or assisted by other individuals, is continuing to take place.

In most cases, euthanasia takes place with the help of a physician. In Netherlands, the consent of the patient is not necessary for euthanasia to take place. More than 3100 euthanasia cases were reported by the Dutch government in 2010. This was a 19% increase from the previous results (Friedman 52). A state such as Oregon in the United States, Belgium, Luxembourg, amongst other states have legalized euthanasia.

Those who do not support euthanasia have raised a couple of ethical arguments against it. As these arguments are reviewed, it is objective to view euthanasia as a means and not an end. It is a fact that death is an option as far as sickness and diseases are concerned. When people get sick, the doctors treat them in anticipation that they will get well. However, this is not always the case. There are those who get worse by the day. The health deteriorates, the pain excruciates and the agony becomes unbearable. In some cases, the doctors confirm their inability to do anything more for the patient in order to improve the situation. In such cases, the only facilities keeping the patient alive are the life supporting machines. If the patient were to recover, he would only live a very painful life full of agony. In such cases, what can a person and especially the patient do?

Arguments Against

The BBC website (2012) listed a number of arguments raised by the parties who are against euthanasia or physical assisted suicide. One of the ethical arguments raised is that euthanasia weakens the respect for the sanctity of life offered by the society. This argument looks at euthanasia from one perspective. It views euthanasia as plain murder. It views euthanasia as different from manslaughter where one kills another in the process of defending him/herself. However, is euthanasia different from such an act as manslaughter? After all, the one in defense still killed another human being. If one views manslaughter as an act of defense, where there was no option but view euthanasia as an act of murder where one has the option of letting the patient live despite the consequences, then the two would be different. However, if one views the two acts as an issue of choosing between two ‘evils’, then the two are in the same category.

If one was to look at the two acts independently, one would see the similarities in both yet one act seems to be more unethical than the other. One killing in self-defense has an option of letting the other kill/him or her. The one committing euthanasia has an option of letting the other live in agony, pain and despair, where chances are that the patient will still end up dying. With such similarities, the manslaughter may be considered unethical while euthanasia is considered unethical. It is only fair to view life as one to be enjoyed. Allowing a patient to die at his or her terms in such circumstances is not degrading life but rather appreciating that life will end at some point.

Euthanasia proves that lives have different values, making the lives of the sick worth less than the lives of the healthy (BBC, 2012). This is another argument brought forth by the some anti-euthanasia debaters. The worthiness of a life cannot be determined through the absence or presence of euthanasia. Just as the way sicknesses and diseases do not make lives valueless, so will euthanasia not make lives worthless.

Euthanasia is a means to an end. As earlier mentioned, diseases are present and they make our lives to be uncomfortable. Just as the way amputating an arm or a leg might be a solution to a sickness, euthanasia should also be a solution to a problem. In the above anecdote, Dr. Hunt, in order to get rid of the guilt in him, tried to convince a cancer patient to wait a little longer before undergoing euthanasia. The patient was only left with a few more days to live. Her hair was lost due to the chemotherapy and most of her organs were failing due to the chemotherapy. The cancer did not respond to the treatment and she could only breathe with the help of a gas mask. In a few more days, she would experience failed organs, and many other complications due to the spread of the cancer. When the doctor tried to tell her that a cure could be found the next day, she responded that the next day would be too late for her. Her last request was some wine in proper glasses and not paper cups. Euthanasia would only make such a life meaningful and not worthless.

Other people argue that voluntary euthanasia would only be a starting point for the involuntary euthanasia where the undesirable people would be disposed of (BBC, 2012). Like in any other law, euthanasia has its limitations. There are certain regulations and procedures followed to ensure that the person in question is fit for euthanasia. In most cases, the doctor’s consent is required in order to prove that the patient has the least chance, if any, of recovering from such a health problem. It is not just a window to killing, it a process that has procedures to be followed even though the patient’s consent is the most significant.

Euthanasia may not be administered in an individual’s best interest. Some patients ask for euthanasia prior to the agony period while others ask for it during that period (Hadar 2012). However, in most states, there are processes to be followed in order to make sure that the patient can undergo it. In such cases, a doctor’s consent is required. Women in the labor ward say many things when going through the labor pains. However, some actions cannot be done to such people without their consent. This is because the state they are in and the doctors allowed prevent such actions from being taken. However, those requesting for euthanasia also go through similar or worse pains. In the latter cases, the patients have no hope of getting better. If anything, they will only get worse. In other cases, it will take longer than expected and thus prolong the agony. Such patients should be allowed to make decisions especially with the presence of a doctor.

It has been argued that euthanasia affects the rights of other people apart from the patient’s rights. As mentioned earlier, death is a result just as the way getting better is a result. Although there are patients who go through sudden deaths, patients requesting for euthanasia undergo a slow death. They usually undergo a slow and very painful death. Euthanasia should be viewed as a means in which a loved one was prevented from the agony of experiencing the slow and painful death (Haldar, 2010). Allowing the patient to go through the agony will be violating his/her rights more than it will violate the rights of those surrounding him/her. Whether one dies in a sudden car accident or he/she dies slowly in a hospital bed as a result of failing organs, a loved ones death is still painful. Although euthanasia may be seen as a selfish action in the eyes of those dependent on the patient, seeing a loved one agonize over a situation one can do nothing about is a worse experience.

It is important to appreciate that life is important and that one does not know what will happen in the next minute. A cure might be found before the patient dies, a miracle might happen or help might arrive as in the case in the Grey’s Anatomy program. However, the fact remains that most of the cases considered as hopeless are actually hopeless. It is only fair that one allows the patients to die peacefully without the agony that will result in the same thing, death.

Conclusion

Euthanasia should be viewed as a means to an end and not an end. It does not weaken the sanctity of life, devalue the sick people’s lives, a starting point for involuntary euthanasia and does not affect the rights of others. It is only a means to an since it has been proven that death as well as cure, is a result to a disease or health condition. People go through many things when trying to be cured yet they are allowed to sleep back and wait for the time of their death without doing anything about it. The pain and agony that come along with some diseases and health conditions should not be allowed on people especially if they will end up dying after all. People should be allowed to have their way in the conditions that are considered hopeless.

Works cited

Alters, Sandra. Death and Dying: End-of-life Controversies. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006. Print.

British Broadcasting Corporation, BBC. Anti-euthanasia Arguments. Web. BBC Ethics Guide, 2012. Web. 21 February, 2012. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/against/against_1.shtml>

Friedman, Lauri S. Euthanasia. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Print.

Haldar, S. “Euthanasia.” Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 108.10 (2010). Print.

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Liberal speech: Internet

            While referring to liberty of speech on the internet various forms and mediums are considered such as video, audio and writings. When posted on the internet such mediums usually have global access and consequently have the potential to influence more. I have always supported the projection and protection of internet speech subject to few conditions. Past observation indicates multinationals controlling the internet’s operations have the tendency to restrict speech in accordance to anticipated economic consequences. For instance, an internet provider may restrict access of certain video services with aim of directing the consumers to other desired video services. Some companies restrict access of certain religious or political resources through their servers aiming to maintain a specific demographic group of economic importance.

On the other hand, internet speech has resulted to mass political movements that have toppled regimes consequently vulnerable governments restrict internet speech. It has also led to top-class political secrets and strategies being exposed on sites such as wikileaks. Additionally, liberal internet use has seen vulnerable portions of the community such as children exposed to pornographic and other sexual literature. There are individuals and companies complaining of copyright infringement due to uncompensated access and use of their information on the internet. This makes the issue of internet speech multifaceted and difficult to place boundaries of control.

Certain restrictions are obvious infringements to the first amendment where freedoms of expression as well as religion are breached. For instance, three years ago it became known a company that was providing internet in America had restricted access to the King James Bible via its lanes. Additionally, companies are known to slow down by directing data requests or packets they consider unfriendly to internet lanes they deem slow. Companies such as Apple until recently did not allow their devices to access certain applications made by their competitors on the internet.

I prefer the restrictions put on the internet speech to be culturally then economically-based since the above examples indicate monetary reasons are most valued. Restrictions should focus on ensuring information is accessed on an individual’s request unbiased. This means the customer/consumer is allowed the freedom to choose what nature of speech they access without subtly being steered to other speech forms. This is because restrictions infringe on the consumer’s right of choice by decreasing the available options. Further  more, internet speech when liberal guards empowers individuals by providing information critical in making better decisions commercially, political and socially. Since the internet is currently, the prime source of information restricting speech would be equal to suppressing freedom of expression, democracy, religion as well as basic human rights of self-autonomy and choice. However, freedom denotes a certain degree of responsibility thus such as the case of alcohol certain restrictions on use and exposure of certain information is important. This protects vulnerable groups such as children from exposure to pornography or users with ill intent such as financial defrauding or social predators from taking advantage of the access available on the internet.

 

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Evolution of the mobile phone

The mobile phone, also referred to as a cellular phone is described as gadget that is used to make and receive telephone calls via radio signals over a specific geographical area as specified by the user’s network provider. The mobile phone is a small handheld gadget that fits perfectly in the palm of the hand. It has gone under so many changes due to changes in technology coupled with the new customer preferences. The mobile phone operates only with the aid of the cellular network that allows the user to be connected from whatever location they please so long as they are within the network’s operation range. The mobile enables the user to use other services such as multimedia messaging, short messaging service, emails, internet access, short wireless communication such as Bluetooth and infrared (Agar,2004).

Mobile telephones date back to the early 1940s when the Second World War was in progress. Handheld devices were used by the United States military to communicate in the battlefield via radio signals. The mobile phones during that period were very different in almost every aspect except the radio signals as a communication medium. The mobile phone has evolved significantly such that there exists generations of the mobile phone namely the zero, first, second, third generation and the new fourth generations. These levels of generations clearly mark the stages that the mobile phone has undergone to meet the new consumer needs and the new technology that has prompted the new changes. The mobile phone was first put to use by the Mobile Telephone Service in St.Louis in the year 1946.by then there were few radio channels available to broadcast the signals of the mobile phone, which required the presence of a mobile operator to make a call set-up. In the year 1964, Improved Mobile Telephone Service was introduced that enabled the presence of more channels and automatic handling of calls, which facilitated the transition from one telephone technology to another. During that period, due to increase in demand for the technology arising from the increase in the number of users of mobile phones, there were new competitors who wanted a share of the market. A new competitor, Radio Common Carrier, arose and proved to be highly competitive. However,this service operated for the period between 1960 and 1980 when it was rendered obsolete after the entry of new player Advanced Mobile Telephony System (AMTS). This forced the regulators to enhance security by introducing new regulations to control the rapid growth of the cellular market. Mobile phone use was only limited to phones installed in vehicles in the period before 1973 (Agar, 2004).

The mobile telephone services were followed by modern telephone technology. These kinds of technologies are regarded as the zero generation of cellular phones. They were characterized by the push to talk similar to a walkie-talkie whereby the user only presses the buttons in order to communicate with a person on the other end. The new technology was very different from the initial radiotelephone systems in that they were available for commercial purposes to the public on the public switched telephone network. The mobile radiotelephones were characterized by the presence of a transmitter and were usually enabled to offer communication in two ways. In the year 1947, Bell labs engineers proposed the use of hexagonal cells for mobile phones. A mobile phone during this period had to be inside the coverage area of the network that was serviced by a single base station during a phone call. This meant that there was no connection if the cell phone moved from one place to another.

The first automated mobile phone system was first launched and used in Sweden in the year 1960. They named it Mobile Telephone System A, as it enabled the user to make and receive calls in the car by means of a rotating dial. The system also enabled the car phone to be paged. In addition, the calls made from the car were direct, and only incoming calls required the assistance of a mobile operator to determine which base station the phone was using. Later in 1962, an improved version of the system named, Mobile System B, was developed. It was a push button telephone that had transistors for better signal quality and for enhanced operation quality. It was used until the year 1983 and was regarded as a commercial success. In the year 1973, Martin Cooper a Motorola executive saw the development of the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, which was a bulky analogue phone that was overpriced due to the high demand. This marked the beginning of intense competition amongst companies seeking to develop the best products. The development in the technology saw a transition from the zero generation of mobile phones to the first generation. Unlike the previous generations, the new generation facilitated the use of several multiple cell sites and enabled the transfer of calls from one site to another as a user moved from one cell to another while still conversing on the mobile phone. The first cellular network in the world was developed in the year 1977, in Chicago, by AT&T after their proposal that they had placed in the year 1971 was accepted by the Federal Communications Commission.

In 1979, a first generation network was launched in Japan to become the first generation network to cover a complete geographical area of a nation. After this launch, Nordic Mobile Telephone Company was the first network provider to launch international roaming. Later in 1984, Bell Labs made a modern commercial mobile technology that used several base stations all controlled from a central location with each base station providing access to a small cell area. For minimal interference, the sites were put up in a way that the cells were to some extent overlapped and each base station using similar frequencies. More innovations enhanced the capabilities of these early networks to meet the increased demand by the cellular users. The base stations used different levels of transmission power that allowed varied cell size and a range of transmission. These changes allowed the reduction in the transmission power created room for new cells to be added thus smaller cells with greater capacities. This is still evident in the modern era by the presence of soaring cell site towers that do not have antennae present on top of their towers.

Second Generation (2G) mobile systems emerged in the year ranging 1990 that used the GSM standard that enabled international wireless communications network (Meurling&Jeans, 1994). .The second-generation system was different in that they used digital transmission unlike their predecessors. The second generation was an era that was marked by significant usage of mobile telephones, more than any other period in time. The introduction of the second generation also enhanced the introduction of lesser phones that were considerable in size unlike their predecessors that were bulky. This was made possible by the technological advancements that occurred with time and the presence of higher density cells to enable growing usage. It enabled the user to be able to use the cell phone over a wider area of transmission and prolonged battery life. The Second-Generation also facilitated new short messaging service (SMS) (Meurling&Jeans, 1994).It was only available to GSM networks but eventually became available to other digital networks across the world. The first text message is said to have been machine generated and was sent in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1992 and later in the year 1993 the first man to man text message was sent in Finland (Meurling&Jeans,1994). The spread of text messaging was fueled by the presence of prepaid advents, which became the preferred method of communication among the young. This group communicates via text messages, as they consider them cheap yet effective to their needs.

Moreover, Second Generation (2G) also enabled the ease to access to media content via the mobile phones. In the year 1998, the ring tone became the first item downloadable via the mobile phone in Finland. This set a precedent such that there were more advertisements via the phone, which meant a new source of revenue to the network providers. The Second-Generation systems also enabled the introduction of mobile payments, which were first made in Finland and Sweden .In addition there were breakthroughs in internet connections via the mobile phone that became fully functional after its introduction in Japan by NTT DoCoMo in 1999 (Agar,2004).

The third generation was developed because of the market’s hunger for fast mobile phones that would enable the users to access the internet and get information with ease. The mobile phone has evolved to become a personal gadget that people use to manage personal tasks. This prompted mobile phone developers to make phones that had high performance to meet the consumer needs of mobile phones that have very high performance due to the complicated schedules of the users. The difference between the Second generation and the First generation is the use of packet switching. The Third generation uses circuit switching, unlike the second generation. The Third generation networks enabled the mobile phone users to access data at speeds of 2Megabytes maximum data rate for indoors and 384 Kilobytes for outdoor access. The development of the third generation brought about new vendors creating their own technologies in efforts to gain shares of a very lucrative market such as CDMA. The third generation technology brought about new ways of using the mobile phone and the development of new mobile phones that would meet the standards of the third generation technology (Morris, 2007).

Media streaming of television and radio content via the internet became possible due to the high data speed associated with the technology. This also enabled the development of new types of products such as the compact wireless router whereby the third generation technology enables the connectivity to several computers concurrently over the Wi-Fi broadband with the use of cables. Such devices are popular with the use of laptops due to their ease of portability. This has led to the development of complex devices that have 3G functions on their own by the use of SIM cards without the aid of the mobile phone. There are also satellite mobiles that were not present in the past. Earth satellites cover remote areas that do not have wired networks. The technology allows the user to make calls from anywhere in the world (Morris, 2007).

The changes that have brought about the evolution of the mobile phones have had both positive and negative impacts in the world. The communication in the periods when the telephone was a bulky gadget was only limited to certain areas and to certain people. In the current age people are able to communicate in spite of their locations. This is facilitated by the presence of network systems that enable movement of signals to very far locations outside their jurisdiction. When the mobile phone was developed, it became only a preserve for the affluent in society that meant that very few people were able to own a mobile phone, which is a total contrast to the current times. People are able to purchase mobile phones, which are at very low prices. The presence of numerous mobile phone producers has created more employment for people in a world that has seen several global economic meltdowns. The evolution of the mobile phone has enabled easier communication and cheaper modes of communicating such as text messaging and emails via the mobile phone internet. In addition, the costs of accessing the internet have drastically reduced owing to the easy access posed by mobile phones unlike the access via the computer, which is associated with higher costs. Access to the internet enables the people to communicate and do business across the world. This aspect has played a very huge role in globalization.

The use of the mobile phone is countered with many challenges such as; it increases the risk of accidents while used on the road due to reduced concentration on the roads (Heath, 2007). Accidents caused by mobile phones are attributed to the development of complex phones that require adequate attention to operate. The phone is considered an addictive device because it demands the user’s adequate attention. The new mobile phones are usually equipped with modern applications that are very entertaining to the user. The mobile phone poses health risks due to the exposure to the radiofrequency fields emitted by mobile phones. Research indicates that the use of the mobile phone pose a risk to exposure to diseases such as cancer and electromagnetic interference when they are used close to health devices such as pacemakers and hearing aids (Gezondheidsraad ,2002). Mobile phones also pose health risks such as change in the brain activity, reaction times and sleep patterns. There are however, no conclusive studies to prove these facts but research is still underway (Lin, 2009).Research shows that exposure to dielectric heat  as a result of microwave radiation occurs on the head while using the mobile phone, thus distorting the body temperature of the organs around the head such as the eyes and ears and its internal organs. In addition, research also shows that the frequent use of the mobile use can have devastating effects on the ears leading to impairment or reduced activity .The young generations are prone to the new technological advancements posed by the telephone due to their perceived notion of wanting to fit with their peers who dictate what they should use. This has a huge impact in their lives, as they tend to take what is said in the media as the gospel truth, whereas those are just efforts of trying to get these young people to purchase the mobile phones. Blood brain barrier is also an effect that is described to be because of frequent mobile use .the chemicals in the battery f the mobile phone leak to the brain by radiation leading to cancers in the brain (Gezondheidsraad, 2002).

Like any other addiction, the mobile phone use to an addictive level can be very devastating to the user and those that he or she has a relationship with due to misunderstandings arising from use of mobile phones. Some studies show that some people have lost jobs or even severed relationships they had considered very close due to the addiction of the cell phone. The studies suggested that 7% of people had stated they lost a job or a relationship due to an addiction with the mobile phone. The mobile phone has facilitated brainwash of young people who view what they see in the media as real life yet it is just entertainment for commercial purposes. Research shows that the mobile phone addicts develop negative psychological response by withdrawal such that they begin to live in solitude and develop this detachment form family and friends. Mobile phones are also claimed to cause sleep interruptions due to their effects on brain function. Studies show that people experience interrupted sleep as a result of frequent mobile use.

 

 

References

Agar, J. (2004). Constant touch: A global history of the mobile phone. Cambridge: Icon Publishers

Burgess, A. (2010). The contemporary emergence of health concerns related to mobile phones: A study of the origins and diffusion of mobile phone fears and anti-EMF campaigns. Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag Publishers.

Gezondheidsraad. (2002). Mobile telephones: An evaluation of health effects. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands.

Heath, M.A.(2007).West Virginia University .The impact of cell phone classification and experience on driver distraction Ann Arbor, Michigan : Proquest Information and Learning Company.

Lin, J. C. (2009). Health effects of cell phone radiation. Dordrecht: Springer Publishers.

Meurling, J., & Jeans, R. (1994). The mobile phone book: The invention of the mobile phone industry. London: Communications Week International

Morris, B. (2007). The Symbian OS architecture sourcebook: Design and evolution of a mobile phone OS. Chichester, England: J. Wiley & Sons.

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Mini-Literary Analysis on Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 1818

Human beings are all born innocent. However, the activities and experiences of life dictate whether we maintain this innocence or lose it. Mary Shelly’s novel “Frankenstein,” depicts victor Frankenstein as a demigod for the creation of a being. The scientist thirst for absolute knowledge and stretching his abilities to the limits, results to him creating a monster that he later rejects. His attitude towards the monster leads to the monster’s despicable rage on humans. The theme of loss of innocence is detailed in the novel’s plot setting and characterization. This is through the various ways the characters in the novel lost their innocence.

The plot is centered on the conflict that haunts Victor Frankenstein, the scientist who creates a monster. Immediately after laying sight of his creation, he feels disgusted and rejects it. “I had gazed on him while unfinished; he was ugly then, but when those muscles and joints were rendered capable of motion, it became a thing such as even Dante could not have conceived”(43). After Frankenstein rejects his creation, he gets to meet with a family that highlights his sensitive side. The family also rejects the creature leading to its utter destruction of the entire surrounding. The monster narrates of the destruction saying he acted as an enraged beast that had broken free off its shackles busting everything else standing in the way and scampering through the woods with haste like a stag (121).

An innocent Justine is accused of a crime she did not commit. This crime was however, committed by the creature in the process of adding to Frankenstein’s misery. Frankenstein changes his mission to eliminating the creature he had earnestly created. The monster’s decision to attend Frankenstein’s wedding is construed as an opportune time for the creature to attack him. Instead of being attacked, he later finds his wife murdered. He describes the scene by saying that she lay there still and cold, strewn across the bed with her head dangling form the bed with her hair providing cover for her disfigured facial appearance (179).

When Frankenstein is a mere seventeen years old, he undertakes the mission of creating a monster. This is after undertaking six years of study at the University of Ingolstadt. The creation is done in an old deserted room in the city of Ingolstadt. Frankenstein’s loss of innocence is initiated the moment he rejects his creation. He narrates how he felt after he saw his creation saying that he detested returning to the deserted house he was staying. He felt the urgency of hurrying on forward even though it was raining given a “black comfortless sky” (44).

From the onset, Frankenstein harbors the admiration of traveling abroad. This leads him to his travel to England. This is how he gets to meet with Henry at Strasbourg and together they travel to RhineRiver and then to London. Frankenstein goes to the north and locates a remote island where he undertakes to create the female that the creature had demanded. By agreeing to create a female for the monster, he continues to lose his innocence. The creature requests, “Oh! My creator, make me happy; let me feel gratitude towards you for one benefit! Let me see that I excite the sympathy of some existing thing; do not deny me my request”(131). However, this mission is short-lived since Frankenstein later abandons the project and returns to France where he spends time with his wife Elizabeth to enjoy their marriage. The abandonment of the project enrages the monster even more and pursues Frankenstein. The monster attacks his family and kills the wife, Elizabeth. In the process, the monster loses some of his innocence. After the loss of his love, Frankenstein laments that virtue has twisted its form and become a shadow in his life. The affection and happiness that he knew and experienced have disappeared and now is engulfed with bitterness and loathing despair and comes to the point that he cannot find a soul from which to seek sympathy.

Loss of innocence is also depicted by the characterization in the novel. The loss of Frankenstein’s father marks his loss of innocence. Frankenstein narrates of the loss that he no longer is aware of what has become of himself. He says that he lost all sensation with the chains of darkness being the only things he now identifies with. When the authorities accused Justine for the murder of William, Elizabeth lost her innocence as her faith had been betrayed. Elizabeth had all the time believed on the innocence of Justin. However, the felt betrayed after the judge pronounced her guilty of the murder and the latter confession by Justine. This leaves her downcast as she says the she no longer knew of how to have faith on human goodness, because the Justin she had so passionately loved and taken as a sister become the source of her pain through her betrayal. However, it is later indicated that Justin had not committed the offense. Justin’s innocence is lost after she confesses to the crime and is convicted.

In conclusion, we find that many of the characters in the novel end up losing their innocence. The loss of innocence in part of Frankenstein is highly important of all the other characters. This novel attempts to highlight the consequences of our actions whenever we undertake to pursue an activity that has not been clearly thought through.

 

Works Cited

Shelley, Mary W. Frankenstein Mary Shelley. New York: Best American Life Institute, 2010. Print.

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