Category: Essays

Application: Theories
Before delving into the specifics of leadership and organizational change, it may be wise to learn the overarching theories that explain the two concepts. While there currently are not an abundance of theories on organizational change, there are theories that inform organizational change. Such theories include open-system theory which describes a continual interaction between the organization and its environment. By comparison, theories of leadership are more well-established and empirically-researched. They can be categorized in eight major types. This week, you focus on contingency and charismatic theories of leadership, but you will review other types in upcoming weeks on leadership styles. Leadership style plays a key role in organizational change outcomes, another concept you will consider later in the course.
To prepare for this assignment:
• Review Chapters 4, 7, and 8 in the course text, Organization Change: Theory and Practice. Think about various theories and models of organizational change.
• Review Chapters 9 and 10 in the course text, Leading Organizations: Perspectives for a New Era, and take note of leadership theories that might explain various leadership styles.
• Using the Walden Library or the Internet, identify and research an organization that has gone through a significant organizational change for use for this assignment.
• Think about organizational change theories that may account for the change that occurred in the organization you selected.
• Consider which leadership theories might explain the actions of the leader in the organization you selected.
The assignment (4–5 pages):
• Describe the organization you researched for this assignment. Include a summary of the organizational change that occurred in the organization and a profile of the leader(s) involved in the change.
• Describe organizational change theories that account for the organizational change that occurred and explain why. Be specific.
• Describe one or more leadership theory(ies) that account for the actions of the leader(s) and explain why. Be specific.

• Course Text: Organization Change: Theory and Practice
•
o Chapter 4, “Theoretical Foundations of Organizations and Organization Change”
o Chapter 7, “Organizations Change: Research and Theory”
o Chapter 8, “Conceptual Models for Understanding Organization Change”
• Course Text: Leading Organizations: Perspectives for a New Era
•
o Chapter 9, “Charismatic Theory”
o Chapter 10, “Contingency Theories of Leadership”
Optional Resources
• Cherry, K. (n.d.). Leadership Theories–8 Major Leadership Theories. Retrieved June 21, 2010, from http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm

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INTRODUCTION TO THE ASSIGNMENT
Aligning Two-Way Bilingual Programming
Throughout this course, you will be asked to develop a plan for establishing a Bilingual program. The area where this program will be implemented can be real � where you live or work, or can be fictional � a place where you think a bilingual program would benefit the students.

Books and Resources for this Week:
Books
Reference Instruction
Haley, M. H., & Austin, T. (2004) Content-based second language teaching and learning: An interactive approach. Read Chapters 1-2
Calderon, M. E., & Minaya-Rowe, L. (2003) Designing and implementing two-way bilingual programs: A step-by-step guide for administrators, teachers, and parents. Read Chapters 1-3
Articles
Reference Instruction
Cummins, J. (2006). Bilingual development in educational contexts.
https://www.psych.yorku.ca/labconference/documents/Cummins.pdf
Read Article

For this assignment, write a paper that describes the setting for your bilingual program. Discuss the potential implications of establishing two-way programming. Address the following in your paper:
� What are the best cultural circumstances for establishing a bilingual school?
� What �ingredients� need to be present?
� What elements can you, as the project planner, begin to develop and research?
Length: 5-7 pages, including 3-5 resources.
Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Review APA Form and Style.

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Hi writer:

I need you to write a research report about upgrading websites in developing countries, and I have wrote a report about this topic and my professor said it was something wrong with research question and method of analysis, here is what my professor said:
(My note in the gradebook for you is this project does not conform to all the instructions for this course that you have been given – most especially we are analyzing ONLY publicly available documents. I have been telling you all along that there is something wrong with your research question and method of analysis. Now it has caught up with us. Your project does not fall in the assignment guidelines for what we are doing in this class, mainly because we are ONLY analyzing publicly available texts. We are not analyzing private items or interviewing people. My impression was that you were going to look at the publicly available portion of hapital websites in developing countries to look for what needed to be improved in the public interface.)

This research report include three part, I will upload the instruction files, please see it carefully, and here is common problems for part 1& part 2 which I instructor sent it to me, please see it and you will make sense how to write this report:

Common Problems in Part 1 of the Research Report! !
Report not in proper workplace format: needs to be short paragraphs, single space, NO
indent on first line of the paragraph, space between each paragraph, etc. – all those things you
learned in CMNS 251! !

Audience – should be a very specific audience who can use this information in their work.
Audience is not a general public or people just interested generally in the topic. Audience is also
NOT students taking this course.! !
OK to use I & you – remember active voice? Use active voice.! !

Introduction: ! !
– Just as in giving presentations or other types of writing, use something to get the reader’s
attention. For example: a short story that demonstrates why you are interested in the topic; a
quote that gives the essence of the problem; etc.!
– End the introduction with a preview of what the reader can expect to find in the rest of the
report. You are not “giving anything away”, you are providing the reader with a “roadmap” to
help them follow where you are going.! !

Background/Literature Review – no sense of an outline: You probably learned this in
elementary school and just keep forgetting that you need to do it. Create an outline before you
start writing. Make sure that you proceed logically and that your transitions from one topic to the
next make sense being in a particular order. The first item should be general background about
your topic area and your last items should lead directly to demonstrating how your research
question will “fill a gap” in knowledge.! !
Use of bias words is NOT OK. Words that slant the readers perception toward a certain
attitude, especially one the prejudices them towards a certain answer to your research question
before you have even explained your research need to be deleted or replace with neutral terms.! !

Transitions: Everytime you move from one topic to the next provide the reader with a “road
sign.” This also helps them to read. It also helps you to see whether you are proceeding
logically through your argument. Transitions should be of a variety: http://writingcenter.unc.edu/
handouts/transitions/! !

When citing articles with multiple authors in-text: http://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/writing/
apa#printarticles! !

References list APA not corrected even after my comments on your annotated bibliography

Common issues – Data, method and findings! !

Data set:! !
– not enough detail in the description; think very carefully about every single little thing you did;
make sure that you give logical reasons for why you collected what you collected.! !
– “random” selection does not mean that you can just pick whatever you want. To actually use
random selection you have to first generate a random # (like in rolling dice) then you use that
number to determine which items you take from a long list (i.e. roll a 4 and you take every
fourth item in the list)! !
– do not make claims of validity for the research we are doing in this class. There is no way
they are valid – it is an exercise in understanding the requirements of a research report.! !

Method:! !
– provide citations (in your method section) to researchers who have used methods similar to
what you decided to use. Cite them when describing the particular choices you are making in
your methods.! !
– When describing the “framework” you are using for analysis (what you will be looking for), cite
the sources in your literature review that have led you to look for that particular thing.! !
– provide specific examples of what you are looking for in your analysis. For example, if you
say you are looking for emotional responses, give some examples of what you would be
looking for in terms of words, phrases, etc. that you would deem emotional! !

Findings:! !
– Describe your complete findings textually – do not use visuals as stand alone explanations.
Visuals are just “aids” to help the reader understand the words.! !
– Tables, charts, etc. are labeled in the order they appear in the report. Whichever you use first
you label #1. (This is the same for Appendices)! !
– Just state the facts. Do not make any judgements or draw any conclusions from the data in
the Findings section. That comes next, in the discussion and conclusion.!

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Course Design Portfolio

The context: you are going to teach intermediate level 16-18 year-old students from a range of countries at a four-week intensive general English course in England. Their aim is to improve their spoken and written English as well as their receptive language skills so as to be able to communicate in English with a range of other native or non-native speakers of English. Using this context as the basis for your work on this module, you will complete different stages of the course design process, developing a portfolio of work illustrating your understanding and application of the module content and readings to the design of a course. In total, the portfolio should be between 4000 and 5000 words, plus appendices of your course design products, e.g. needs/environment analysis questionnaires, lists of goals, syllabus overview, example test elements and so on.

The portfolio will consist of the following sections:

1. A description of your chosen context – it needs to include enough information for me as your tutor and marker to be able to assess how well you have completed each stage of the course design process, and for you to use it as the basis for your course design project. So e.g. brief summary of learners, teachers, context, stakeholders, country, teaching institution etc. Be as specific as you can, but don’t analyse or evaluate the information – simply present the ‘facts’ of the context. Approx. 400 words – bullet points are fine as long as they are clear.

2. An introductory section that (a) situates the course design process within the models and frameworks we have considered, and within the larger context of curriculum/programme and project planning in general, (b) discusses the role of principles/beliefs about learning and teaching language in the design process and what key principles/beliefs have driven your own process, and (c) briefly introduces the three elements of C&SD you have chosen to focus on and complete for your portfolio in sections 3-5. (1000 words approx).

3-5. A section each on three of the following aspects of course and syllabus design – one from each group:

Group 1:

environment analysis
needs analysis
Group 2:

goals, aims and outcomes
syllabus design (content and sequencing, NOT format and presentation)
Group 3:

assessment
evaluation
For each aspect of course and syllabus design you focus on from the above groups, you will use the knowledge, understanding and skills gained from class and your reading to help you develop products for each stage of the process.

Each section in your portfolio should (a) present the products developed, (b) summarise the process undertaken and explain the product(s) developed for the reader, and (c) discuss the principles of learning and teaching language and theories/frameworks of course and syllabus design which have guided your decisions for that process, showing how your products relate to those theories, frameworks and principles (cf. section 2). In other words, you are presenting, explaining and justifying how you approached the process and the product you developed, linking this clearly to the literature. Each section should be approximately 800-1000 words, excluding the actual products themselves.

Products may be presented in the main body if less than one page in length. Products longer than one page should be ‘appended’ as Appendix A, B, C at the end of the assignment. Use text boxes/tables to separate your products from the main body discussion of the process and product in each section. A template for the assignment is available under ‘Assignments’ – use this template to write your portfolio, amending as required.

Sample course design elements to be supplied for each stage chosen,

In total you will have five products: three for group 1 and one for each of groups 2 and 3.

Group 1

Environment analysis

1) A table presenting an analysis of your context (one or more elements such as learners, teachers, situation or people, time, resources, institution)

2) A sample questionnaire designed to elicit information about a particular aspect of context

3) A list/table of ranked major constraints and solutions/effects on course design.

Needs analysis

1) A table presenting an analysis of your learner’s language-related needs (one or more elements such as needs, wants, lacks)

2) A sample questionnaire, test or other instrument designed to elicit information about a particular aspect of your learners’ needs

3) A list/table of ranked major needs/wants/lacks and solutions/effects on course design.

Group 2

Goals

A list of goals/aims/outcomes/objectives (as relevant) for your course.

Syllabus selection and sequencing of content

A table presenting an overview of the chosen content/sequencing of your course – the syllabus

Group 3

Assessment

A sample assessment, presented to identify for the reader the links between the assessment instrument and the goals/aims/objectives and/or syllabus of your course.

Evaluation

A sample evaluation tool developed to evaluate one or more aspects of your course and its implementation

6. A brief reflection on the design process and the products you have designed as part of that process, including any elements, decisions or processes you found challenging and any approaches to the different stages that you felt were particularly insightful. Here you are assessing and evaluating rather than presenting, explaining and justifying. 500-600 words approx.

7. List of references cited in the portfolio, author-date format, in alphabetical order, with a minimum of eight scholarly references. (excluded from word count)

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I would overall like to focus on the role of government funding in opera in Australia, and allude to what companies should do to deserve it.

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important note : please just focus on the secondary data don’t focus on the primary data

The Research Article should be double spaced 12 cpi with a maximum length
(excluding tables, figures, references and appendices) of 25,000 words. The Style
Guide should be followed.

The standard layout is that on the front cover, at the top, you have the title of your
research article eg. The Impact of the Credit Crisis on Mortgaged Backed Securities;
in the middle you have your name, eg. Joe Bloggs; and at the bottom you have the
name of your programme eg. MSc in Finance and Capital Markets on the left hand
side and the year eg. 2013, which is the year of course completion, on the right hand
side.
You are reminded that Research Article account for 75% of the mark in this part of
EF5200.
What is the purpose of the Research Article?
The important feature is analysis. Analysis involves detailed critical examination of,
for example, a theory, an organization, an event, an industry, a market, or a
product/service. The word “critical” means that more than just a description or
commentary is required.
The Research Article builds on the Research Proposal and should contain:
1. Title of your research article.
2. Abstract (250 word max).
3. The specific research question(s) addressed or hypothesis(es) tested.
4. The rationale and motivation for doing this research – what contribution your
research makes in terms of both (i) the advancement of knowledge in the
literature of the area and (ii) the practical uses of the research.
5. The relationship of the proposed study to previous research. This involves
presenting a comprehensive and focused review of the core literature and locating
your research in this literature
6. A detailed account of the data used in your research. For secondary data, a
detailed description is required of all of the data (either quantitative or
qualitative), including the nature and coverage of the data and its precise source.

7. A detailed account of the methods used in doing the research – this should include
the techniques of analysis and issues related to these techniques.
8. Following this discussion of research methodology, you should report your
findings, including any findings that conflict with the theoretical arguments
covered in your literature review. Tables, charts and graphs can be used if they
make the results clearer for the reader.
9. If your empirical work comes solely from secondary sources, then you should
outline which sources you used and why. If there were sources of information,
say about the implementation of a certain piece of legislation, that you were not
able to gain access to, then you should say so. You should indicate how this
might limit your analysis.
10. In the empirical analysis section of your Research Article you should interpret
your findings, discuss their implications, qualify your results (i.e., point to any
limitations of the data, statistical tests, etc), and discuss the possible impact of
your findings on the company you studied, the policies you studied, etc.
11. The empirical analysis section of the Research Article is the most important part
of your Article. It is important to show that you understand the implications of the
theoretical arguments you have reviewed and the empirical research you have
undertaken.
How to analyse:
• Look for themes/patterns across your empirical research and highlight any
inconsistencies.
• Suggest possible reasons for these themes/patterns/inconsistencies.
• Consider whether your findings are in line with what the theories predict.
• Consider whether your empirical research has raised issues that are not
adequately dealt with by the theories you have reviewed.
• If your results are not robust enough to allow you to draw firm conclusions,
say so and say why.
• Point to how your research might be expanded and improved upon.
12. The final element of the Research Article is to conclude. Your conclusions should
include a restatement of your research proposal; an outline of the main theoretical
issues; a summary of your empirical findings; a summary of your analysis of those
findings.
13. After you have completed your conclusions, it is time to write your introduction.
In the introduction, you say what you are going to do, and it is a lot easier to say
what you are going to do, after you’ve done it. Your introduction should include a
statement of your research proposal, the aim of the research, and what your initial
expectations are.
14. It is important to have a complete list of references. This is where students
frequently lose marks simply through carelessness.
Components of Completed Research Article
1. Title and Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Description of Research Methodology
5. Empirical Research
6. Analysis
7. Summary and Conclusions
8. References
Things to so when you think you have finished your Research Article
• Run a spell check and read through the project to check for grammatical and
syntax errors and misplaced words. You will be marked down, and in some
cases, failed for these errors. Grammatical and spelling errors indicate to the
reader that you are careless about your work. This suggests that you are
careless about your research and analysis too.
• Please note that even though something like ���fiscal policy’ sounds important,
it does not warrant capital letters.
• Read through your finished project and take out any attempts at humour, no
matter how amusing you may think they are.
• Avoid all fancy artwork and cute lettering.
• Get someone to read the finished project. If they do not understand it assume
that you are not writing clearly not that they are intellectually challenged.
• Check that your page numbers are in sequence and that they correspond to the
page numbers referred to on the contents page. The same applies to Tables
and Figures.

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Both Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire and Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf deal with a changing America in the two decades after the war. Compare and contrast how these two plays criticize American ideals about relationships and family life.

– Do not use less than 500 or more than 700 words; these are strict limits
– The use of secondary literature is obligated. You MUST, however, also cite from the primary texts to substantiate your arguments

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I need to review and expand this paper extensively on the below listed areas (with the suggested comments in red on the attachment). Please highlight any adjustments so that I can pick up the changes.

Expansion Areas:

– 2.3 Dimensions
– 2.3.3(Functional Coverage),This area Needs the bulk of expansion..
-2.6-Other relevant literature
-3.1-Design
-3.2-Sample Design-needs to be significantly expanded
-3.4 -Analysis of Findings
– Discussions and findings/Summary and any other areas you feel need expansion
-Additional references…(at least 10 more)
-Final formatting to make it look professional
-Plagiarism report.
-Im looking at an additional +/- 4000 words in total excluding references/appendices etc…Right now Im sitting on 14,400 including references et al..

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