Based on the upload topic create a hypothetical questionnaire to collect data relative to the topic problem “When systems resists users” , purpose, questions, and hypotheses. At the end of the document, please explain the reasoning for the inclusion of each question and the associated measurement scale.

outcomes
Support your paper with a minimum of 3 resources less than 5 years
Apply the appropriate questionnaire design concepts

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This is only for experience writers with questionary development expert

Based on the upload topic create a hypothetical questionnaire to collect data relative to the topic problem “When systems resists users” , purpose, questions, and hypotheses. At the end of the document, please explain the reasoning for the inclusion of each question and the associated measurement scale.

outcomes
Support your paper with a minimum of 3 resources less than 5 years
Apply the appropriate questionnaire design concepts

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******QUESTION 1******
In your reading from week 2 you read, “The Supreme Court in the American System of Government”. On this webpage you read an excerpt by Retired Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes on the role of the Supreme Court. Based on this and all of your other readings thus far in this course, please answer the following questions.

1. What is the role of the Supreme Court?

2. What is the meant by “Judicial Review”?

3. Explain the two theories of constitutional interpretation, the “living constitution” and “originalist”. Which theory do you believe is the correct theory to follow?

Please remember to list your references at the end of your submission in Bluebook format. Your answer should contain a minimum of 350 words.

*******QUESTION 2*********

In week 3 of this course you were to read the case of Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393 (2007). In your own words, describe the facts of the case, the issue, and the holding.

What specific section(s) of the Constitution were involved in this case? Based on the language and intent of the Constitution, do you agree with the ruling of this case?

If you were a Justice on the Supreme Court at the time of this case, would you be in the majority or the dissent?

Please discuss fully.

Remember to list your references in Bluebook format and that your answer should be at least 350 words.

*****QUESTION 3*******

This last essay question pertains to the 2nd Amendment. Even though this Amendment continues to be reviewed in cases before the Supreme Court, there still seems to be little to no definitive decision by the courts of what is specifically included in right the Second Amendment protects.

Discuss fully the two main sides of this debate. What are two perspectives as to what the 2nd Amendment protects and what evidence/ arguments do those two sides make to support their stance. What stance do you find most convincing and why?

Be sure to back up your discussion with references listed in Bluebook format. Note that your answer should contain at least 350 words

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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed.

Excerpts from: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Comp-De/Corporate-Social-Responsibility.html

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the “economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time” (Carroll and Buchholtz 2003, p. 36). The concept of corporate social responsibility means that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. A traditional view of the corporation suggests that its primary, if not sole, responsibility is to its owners, or stockholders. However, CSR requires organizations to adopt a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. Collectively, the various groups affected by the actions of an organization are called “stakeholders.”

ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

The major arguments for and against corporate social responsibility are shown in Exhibit 1. The “economic” argument against CSR is perhaps most closely associated with the American economist Milton Friedman, who has argued that the primary responsibility of business is to make a profit for its owners, albeit while complying with the law. According to this view, the self-interested actions of millions of participants in free markets will, from a utilitarian perspective, lead to positive outcomes for society. If the operation of the free market cannot solve a social problem, it becomes the responsibility of government, not business, to address the issue.

 

Exhibit 1
Arguments For and Against CSR

FOR	AGAINST
The rise of the modern corporation created and continues to create many social problems. Therefore, the corporate world should assume responsibility for addressing these problems.	Taking on social and moral issues is not economically feasible. Corporations should focus on earning a profit for their shareholders and leave social issues to others.
In the long run, it is in corporations’ best interest to assume social responsibilities. It will increase the chances that they will have a future and reduce the chances of increased governmental regulation.	Assuming social responsibilities places those corporations doing so at a competitive disadvantage relative to those who do not.
Large corporations have huge reserves of human and financial capital. They should devote at least some of their resources to addressing social issues.	Those who are most capable should address social issues. Those in the corporate world are not equipped to deal with social problems.

 

The “competitive” argument recognizes the fact that addressing social issues comes at a cost to business. To the extent that businesses internalize the costs of socially responsible actions, they hurt their competitive position relative to other businesses. This argument is particularly relevant in a globally competitive environment if businesses in one country expend assets to address social issues, but those in another country do not. According to Carroll and Buchholtz, since CSR is increasingly becoming a global concern, the differences in societal expectations around the world can be expected to lessen in the coming years.

 

Finally, some argue that those in business are ill-equipped to address social problems. This “capability” argument suggests that business executives and managers are typically well trained in the ways of finance, marketing, and operations management, but not well versed in dealing with complex societal problems. Thus, they do not have the knowledge or skills needed to deal with social issues. This view suggests that corporate involvement in social issues may actually make the situation worse. Part of the capability argument also suggests that corporations can best serve societal interests by sticking to what they do best, which is providing quality goods and services and selling them at an affordable price to people who desire them.

 

There are several arguments in favor of corporate social responsibility. One view, held by critics of the corporate world, is that since large corporations create many social problems, they should attempt to address and solve them. Those holding this view criticize the production, marketing, accounting, and environmental practices of corporations. They suggest that corporations can do a better job of producing quality, safe products, and in conducting their operations in an open and honest manner.

 

A very different argument in favor of corporate social responsibility is the “self-interest” argument. This is a long-term perspective that suggests corporations should conduct themselves in such a way in the present as to assure themselves of a favorable operating environment in the future. This view holds that companies must look beyond the short-term, bottom-line perspective and realize that investments in society today will reap them benefits in the future. Furthermore, it may be in the corporate world’s best interests to engage in socially responsive activities because, by doing so, the corporate world may forestall governmental intervention in the form of new legislation and regulation, according to Carroll and Buchholtz.

 

Finally, some suggest that businesses should assume social responsibilities because they are among the few private entities that have the resources to do so. The corporate world has some of the brightest minds in the world, and it possesses tremendous financial resources. (Wal-Mart, for example, has annual revenues that exceed the annual GNP of some countries.) Thus, businesses should utilize some of their human and financial capital in order to “make the world a better place.”

THE STAKEHOLDER CONCEPT

According to Post, Lawrence, and Weber, stakeholders are individuals and groups that are affected by an organization’s policies, procedures, and actions. A “stake” implies that one has an interest or share in the organization and its operations, per Carroll and Buchholtz. Some stakeholders, such as employees and owners, may have specific legal rights and expectations in regard to the organization’s operations. Other stakeholders may not have specific rights granted by law, but may perceive that they have moral rights related to the organization’s operations. For example, an environmental group may not have a legal right in regard to a company’s use of natural resources, but may believe that they have a moral right to question the firm’s environmental policies and to lobby the organization to develop environmentally friendly policies.

All companies, especially large corporations, have multiple stakeholders. One way of classifying stakeholder groups is to classify them as primary or secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders have some direct interest or stake in the organization. Secondary stakeholders, in contrast, are public or special interest groups that do not have a direct stake in the organization but are still affected by its operations. Exhibit 2 classifies some major stakeholder groups into primary and secondary categories.

 

Exibit 2. Based on Carrol and Buchholtz, 2003.

 

 

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.

Corporations have long been criticized for their negative effect on the natural environment in terms of wasting natural resources and contributing to environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. The use of fossil fuels is thought to contribute to global warming, and there is both governmental and societal pressure on corporations to adhere to stricter environmental standards and to voluntarily change production processes in order to do less harm to the environment. Other issues related to the natural environment include waste disposal, deforestation, acid rain, and land degradation. It is likely that corporate responsibilities in this area will increase in the coming years.

TECHNOLOGY ISSUES.

Another contemporary social issue relates to technology and its effect on society. For example, the Internet has opened up many new avenues for marketing goods and services, but has also opened up the possibility of abuse by corporations. Issues of privacy and the security of confidential information must be addressed. Biotechnology companies face questions related to the use of embryonic stem cells, genetic engineering, and cloning. All of these issues have far-reaching societal and ethical implications. As our technological capabilities continue to advance, it is likely that the responsibilities of corporations in this area will increase dramatically.

 

Corporate social responsibility is a complex topic. There is no question that the legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on businesses are greater than ever before. Few companies totally disregard social issues and problems. Most purport to pursue not only the goal of increased revenues and profits, but also the goal of community and societal betterment.

Research suggests that those corporations that develop a reputation as being socially responsive and ethical enjoy higher levels of performance. However, the ultimate motivation for corporations to practice social responsibility should not be a financial motivation, but a moral and ethical one.
Excerpts from: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Comp-De/Corporate-Social-Responsibility.html

 

 

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Family Genogram Project

Building Your Family Genogram

 

Part I ( GenoPro Genogram Software )

A genogram (pronounced: jen-uh-gram) is “a pictorial representation of family relationships across several generations.  It is a convenient organizing device to help you identify family patterns or develop hypotheses about family functioning” (GenoPro.com). The genogram resembles a family tree, however, it includes additional relationships among individuals.  This instrument facilitates the practitioner and his client’s identification an understanding of patterns in family history. The genogram also does a better job than a pedigree chart in mapping out relationships and traits.

Even though there are a plethora of books and websites on the subject of genograms, it is worth noting that Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson are responsible for its initial development and popularity in clinical settings. The structure of a Genogram is by and large determined by the imagination and creativity of its author. Some of the most common features on a genogram are information related to the number of families, children in a given family, and the birth order of the family members—including the number of births and deaths.

 

Index Person: In constructing the genogram, identify yourself as the “index person” and complete the genogram on your family.

 

Focus: The focus of this genogram will be on family strengths and resilience, family patterns, rules or ways of being, and the overall healthy of the family.  Of course, you should also address any issues and concerns that may be discovered. DO NOT, however, make the genogram problem-focused even though this is typically how it is used in counseling.

 

Construction:  As for your personal genogram the actual genogram should be submitted through assignment manager found behind the “assignments” button. This submission will come in as a GenoPro document. You will also need to attach your narrative on an MS Word document. Please, make to sure include the following items:

n  Two preceding generations—that is, the genogram must include the index person, their parents, and their grandparents (three generations, in all). It would also be imperative that, in the event of the index person being involved in a marital or significant relationship, mention should be made of the significant other involved, including their immediate family such as their parents, siblings, and children.  In the case where the index person is either a parent or a grand-parent, his/her children need to be included in the genogram.

n   Please use the symbols as illustrated within the GenoPro software to indicate the nature of many of the relationships among family members. Be sure to indicate yourself as the index person by draw a double circle or double square around yourself. Do not forget to include the current date on your genogram.

n  Use the relationship lines to indicate significant relationships within the family system. Do not use the “normal” line provided by GenoPro. This only crowds the graphic and makes it difficult to read.

n  Include a legend at the bottom right corner of the genogram document. The legend should only include items represented on the genogram itself.

n  In order to make it easy to understand it, ensure that there are notes on the genogram graphic regarding people, family events, etc., in their appropriate places (for example, on the side of a relevant person or generation). Even though this is not required for the successful completion of the assignment, it may be helpful to interview (by phone or email) other family members about important areas of their family history. It would also be a good idea toinclude labels (a word or two will do) about each family member’s strengths—especially those that are either known by the index person or have a relevant connection to them.

n  GenoPro gives you the freedom you need to manipulate your genogram to allow enhanced viewing on a computer system. You can shorten or lengthen lines, more entire family units around to maximize space, and more. Your objective is to work with the graph to create an genogram that is easy to view and understood at a glance.

 

Analysis: Once you have completed your genogram you will need to interpret your family map.  Analyze the genogram and who you are in the context of the family based on race/ethnicity, culture, class, gender, spiritual tradition, family life cycle, etc.

 

Part II ( Microsoft Word document )

Written Narrative:  After analyzing your genogram gno graphic following the guidelines above, state in clear terms your interpretation of yourself.  Do this by way of writing a paper that describes the contribution that religion, gender, race, culture, etc., and your own unique family history made to your personal identity.  Do not forget to include an illustration of your knowledge of the fundamental concepts in family development. Apart from your degree of openness and the quality of your written work, the following aspects shall also be determining factors as to what grade you earn for the paper: your ability to widely, deeply, and accurately analyze and utilize theoretical concepts in describing your family interactional process.

 

Rest assured that this paper will be kept confidential. Please be reminded that you are solely responsible for any information you choose to disclose in this project. Also note that you are under no obligation to reveal any information that you choose not to reveal.

 

The following outline below should be used for your paper brief paper ( double-spaced; using APA style formatting):

 

1. Briefly introduce your family, beginning. Discuss the sociopolitical, cultural, economic, spiritual, etc. issues in your family. (Suggestion: Do NOT spend a lot of time and paper space describing demographic details that can be observed on the genogram.)

• You can use first person in this narrative
• You will not need an abstract or a reference page, however you will need a cover page.

 

1. Using the data gathered and the analyses you have made based upon your genogram and other resources, address the following questions:

 

1. State in clear terms what you understand about yourself within the context of this multigenerational family?

 

1. How do the cultural (race, class, gender, sexual orientation, spiritual tradition, etc.), historical, and personally characteristic aspects of the information gleaned impact your understanding of the self?

 

1. If at all, what are the family lifecycle-related issues in the past or present that have influenced your family and/or interface with question D?

 

1. Highlight the intergenerational dynamics, patterns and/or themes that you have identified that influence you (or others) in your current family?

 

1. Jump to the last section of the present document, “Interpreting Genograms”, and then draw a conclusion about your analysis using the above question.

 

1. What are areas that you need to continue to work on in order to be a better spouse, parent, counselor, and godly person?

 

 

1. Conclude this part of the assignment with personal reflections on the development of this project. Were there any special means that came to light?  What did you learn?

 

 

 

How to Build a Genogram

(Many of the symbols and definitions are adopted from GenoPro.com)

Standard gender symbols for a genogram

Although there is general agreement on the basic genogram structure and symbols, there are some variations from one author to another and some in the GenoPro software program on how to depict certain family situations, such as cutoffs, adoptions etc. (Bowen, 1980; Kramer, 1985; McGoldrick, Gerson, & Shellenberger, 1999). The following are the codes that are common to genogram construction. The Male is represented by a square and the Female by a circle.  You may also use a diamond for a pet and the question mark for unknown gender.

Deaths are typically represented by putting an “X” through the symbol.  (If you ever do a genogram with a client ask the client how he/she would like to represent the death since putting an “X” through the symbol could be traumatizing without their permission.)

For one to be called a parent, they would have to have at least one of the three types of children: biological/natural, foster or adopted children. On the genogram, a triangle is the standard diagrammatic representation of a pregnancy, a miscarriage and an abortion.  While an abortion is represented with a horizontal line (on top of the triangle), a diagonal cross (in the same position) indicates the death of a baby through a miscarriage. As for a still birth, it is displayed the same as its gender, though the gender symbol is two times smaller while the diagonal cross remains the same size.

The reason is obvious as to why the children on a genogram are placed below the family line, starting from the oldest to the youngest, and from the left hand to right.  Take note, however, that these are vitally important rules to remember down the road as the family system becomes labyrinthine. The GenoPro software, however, does allow variations in this area.

Birth, marriage, divorce, death dates may be indicated by the initial and date (i.e., b. 89). The ages of the individuals are put in as numbers in the markers.  Alcoholism (or other relevant issue) is frequently indicated by filling in the bottom part of the individual’s marker.

Genogram symbols for child links and special  birth

The child links are joined together for multiple births such as twins, triplets, quadruplets, quintuplets, sextuplets, septuplets, octuplets, and more.  Identical twins (or triplets …) are displayed by a horizontal line between the siblings.  In the example below, the mother got two fraternal twin brothers, two identical twin sisters and triplets, which one died at birth.

Child links are joined for multiple births such as twins and triplets

 

There are 4 general rules to keep in mind:

1. While the female is usually at the right of the family the male is always at the left.
2. Where there is ambiguity, it is recommended to assume a male-female relationship instead of a male-male or (female-female) relationship.
3. It is assumed that a spouse must always be closer to his/her first partner, than to subsequent partners (if any).
4. While the youngest child is often at the right of the family, the oldest child is always located at the left.

Family Relationships

The next genogram component is the family relationship to describe the union of two individuals, typically through marriage.  Other family relationships are divorce, separation, cohabitation, engagement, etc.  Each completed genogram needs a legend to describe the various symbols. This legend is located normally in one corner of the genogram and should include the emotional relationship lines and family relationship lines indicated on your genogram.

GenoPro uses this type of indicator for emotional and relationship lines. When there may be a discrepancy between this document and GenoPro, use GenoPro.

Legend of family relationships

Each type of family relationship is described in the table below:

	This family relationship represents a married couple.  There is no special symbol to distinguish a civil marriage and/or a religious marriage.
	This is the generic symbol to describe a married couple no longer living together. A separation is displayed by a single oblique bar.
	The married couple is separated and started legal procedure for an eventual divorce.  If you know a couple is separated but not sure about the legal procedure, it is recommended to use the separation in fact symbol.
	The married couple has divorced.  No comments.
	The marriage was annulled.  This is a rare case, however a genogram should include such an important event.
	One of the spouse died while married.  Use this symbol only when the surviving spouse re-married, otherwise everyone in your ancestry will be widowed.
	The two individuals are in the process of getting marriage.  This status is often marked by a ceremony exchanging engagement rings or an engagement party.
	Same as above except the individuals are living together before getting married.
	There is a legal paper trail about the cohabitation.  The two individuals have written contract about the cohabitation status, involving benefits such as parental responsibility, common ownership, and inheritance.
	The two individuals no longer live together and are in the process of terminating their cohabitation contract.
	The cohabitation contract has been terminated.
	One of the partner deceased.  This situation is very similar to widowed; the difference is the two individuals had a cohabitation contract rather than a marriage contract.  Again, use this symbol if the surviving partner have had other partners, otherwise every legal cohabitation will end by either a separation or a decease.
	Although there is no legal definition of cohabitation, it generally means to live together as a couple without being married.  Use this relationship to define the generic common law spouse.  There is no such thing as illegal cohabitation!
	The generic symbol of two individuals no longer living together.
	The two individuals lived together until one of the partner deceased.  Same as legal cohabitation and decease, however no written cohabitation agreement have been written.
	A relation where two individuals live together but there is no affection towards another.
	The action of seeing someone or dating.  Be aware the term boyfriend and girlfriend is often used for cohabitation.
	The two individuals are no longer dating.  This could be called ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend.  Be aware, the term ex-boyfriend and ex-girlfriend may also be used for cohabitation and separation.
	This is the polite term for having a mistress or a one night stand.  Select this relation if children are the product of such a relationship.
	One individual is abusing or has abused the other individual, including date-rape, drug-rape and wife-rape.  This type of relationship is mostly used in therapy or when a child was the product of such relationship.
	A relationship not specified in the list above or unknown to the creator of the genogram.  Use this symbol to highlight a usual type of relationship.
	A blank value is used to describe an unspecified relationship when creating a new family.  This is the symbol used to indicate the user has not yet specified the type of relationship.
		A family always has two parents.  Use the appropriate family relationship symbol to describe the status of the family.  For instance, a single parent family (single mother or single father) is still a family of two individuals, however one individual left.  If a new partner or spouse is replacing one parent, create a new family to describe the relationship of the new couple.

Emotional Relationships

Although the family relationship may to some extent describe the emotional bond between the two parents, the emotional relationship component can be used to describe the emotional bond between any two individuals in the genealogy tree.

Legend of emotional relationships

 

Each type of emotional relationship is described in the table below.  The legend symbols have been made bigger so you can see them better.

 

Define a cutoff relationship where the two individuals have no contact at all, characterized by extreme disengagement and emotional intensity.

Define an apathetic relationship where one or both individual is indifferent to the other.

Define a distant relationship between two individuals. Communication is very limited usually because of lifestyle differences.

Define a plain normal relationship. This is not very useful, except to highlight a normal relationship among massive dysfunctional relationships.  Therefore do not use this unless there is a situation as stated above. This emotional relationship may resemble the identical twins, however if you take a closer look, the line is colored in gray.  When twins are present, the child links are connected together producing an inverted V.  If a plain normal relationship has to be displayed, then create a non-linear line between the two twins.

Define a close relationship (friendship) between two individuals. The two individuals are friends and share secrets.

Define an intimate relationship, where communication is open, uncensored and without secrets.

Define a fused relationship between two individuals. Each submerges “self” in the other, and the partners become fused with little space for their own identities.  There are great books about this topic.

Define a hostile relationship between two individuals. The two individuals have conflicts and argue on major issues.

Define a distant-hostile relationship between two individuals. The two individuals rarely see each other, but when they are together, they argue and are hostile towards another.

Define a close-hostile relationship between two individuals. These people have frequent contacts but argue and keep secrets from one another.

Define a fused-hostile relationship between two individuals. These individuals are always together yet unable to live without arguing.

Define a violent relationship between two individuals. The two individuals have conflicts which result in extreme actions such as physical force or excessive power.

The two individuals rarely see each other, but when they are together, they argue and have violent behavior.

The two individuals have frequent contacts, yet argue and have violent behavior when together.

A violent behavior to avoid a break in the relationship when intimacy/fusion is difficult or impossible to maintain. Fusion compromises the feelings, identities and self-direction of each, thus creating instability.

One individual is abusing another individual. Use this relationship if you don’t know the exact type of abuse.

One individual is physically abusing another individual. Any non-accidental injury to an individual, typically to a child or a woman. This includes hitting, kicking, slapping, shaking, burning, pinching, hair pulling, biting, choking, throwing, shoving, whipping, and paddling.

One individual is emotionally abusing another individual. Any attitude or behavior which interferes with mental health or social development. This includes yelling, screaming, name-calling, shaming, negative comparisons to others, telling them they are “bad, no good, worthless” or “a mistake”.

One individual is sexually abusing another individual. Any sexual act between an adult and child, or a forced sexual action between two adults. This includes fondling, penetration, intercourse, exploitation, pornography, exhibitionism, child prostitution, group sex, oral sex, or forced observation of sexual acts.

Failure to provide for a child’s physical needs. This includes lack of supervision, inappropriate housing or shelter, inadequate provision of food, inappropriate clothing for season or weather, abandonment, denial of medical care, and inadequate hygiene.

One individual is focused unhealthily (obsessed) on another individual.

The two individuals never met. Again, this is relationship is not used often but can be handy to explicitly confirm the two individuals never met.  It is to the creator of the genogram to give details about the relationship, such as ‘never met physically’ but ‘met online’.

An emotional relationship not defined in the list. Use a comment to elaborate on the details of the relationship

Go to the following site to see examples of famous people’s genograms.  http://www.multiculturalfamily.org/text/genograms.shtml

 

Creating Genograms

The following are a list of questions to consider in creating a genogram.  In general, the person should review his/her personal history and people, existing support systems, or events that may have influenced the person.

1.    Who lives in the household?  Where do other family member live?

2.    How is each person related?

3.    How do other family members view the person?

4.    What are changes that have occurred in the family?

5.    Has anyone else lived with the person’s family? When? Where are they now?

6.    Are there any family members who have had a medical or mental illness of any kind?  Who are they and how are they related to you?  When did the problem(s) begin? What kind of treatment was helpful for them or available to them?

7.    Are there any family members who are very close?  Friends who are close? Who are they?

8.    Which members help out when you need them?

9.    How does the person get along with each member in his/her home?  In his/her family?

10.Whom does the person see as the “strong one?” The “weak one?” The “sick one?” The “bad one?” The “mad one?” The one with all the problems? The “dominant one?” The “submissive one?” The “successful one?” The “failure?” The “warm one,” “cold one,” “caring one,” “distant one,” or the “selfish one?”

11.Has anyone in the person’s family had serious medical problems?  Who and what did they have?

12.What roles has the person played in his/her family?

13.How did the family react when a particular family member was born? When a particular family member died?

14.Are there any family members who do not speak to each other or who have ever had a period of not speaking?  Are there any who were/are in serious conflict?

15.Are there any family members who are extremely close? Who helps out when help is needed? In whom do family members confide?

16.What sort of issues occurred between the couples in the person’s family?

17.How did each parent get along with each child? Have any family members had particular problems dealing with their children?

18.Any job changes? Unemployment? How does the person like his/her job?  What is the economic situation?

Interpreting Genograms

There are many ways to interpret a genogram. As a rule of thumb, the data should be analyzed for the following:

1. Multi-Generational Issues: Repetitive symptom, relationship or functioning patterns seen across the family and over generations.  One can look at families relationships are a series of interlocking triangles (e.g., between two parents and a child); that is the functioning of any two is bound up with their interrelationships of the three in a predictable way.  Thus, you should examine the genogram for repeated triangles, coalitions, cut-offs, patterns of conflict, over-and under-functioning.
2. Dates: Dates provide information that help put events in perspective. For example, coincidence of dates (e.g., death of one family member or anniversary of death occurring at the same time as symptom onset in another, or the age at symptom onset coinciding with the age of problem development of another family member. Dates throw light on the impact of sequential or simultaneous happenings whose relatedness may be otherwise hard to ascertain. For example, if you find out that an individual or family was dealing with several mishaps within a given year, you can see the effect these stresses would have on family members, such as a young baby or an older child leaving home.
3. Change and Life Cycle Transitions: changes in functioning and relationships that correspond with critical family life events.  Of particular interest are untimely life cycle transitions (e.g., births, marriages, or deaths) that occur “off-schedule.”
4. Traumas: Traumas can have a dramatic impact on people.  Experiencing such events as abuse, war, natural disasters, etc., their timing, and how people reacted are critical to examine.
5. Gender: Gender beliefs and values, without a question, do have an influential role to play in families. In big and small ways, they often create complications within the context of cross-cultural marriages, and especially when involving members of different gender beliefs. A common example of such a case is if a family has sent clear messages that men are strong and do not show emotions (especially hurtful ones), you may come to understand why a given younger- generation married couple would be in a terrible struggle.
6. Secrets:  Secrets in a family not only take energy away from a family, but may reveal important information about boundaries and communication patterns in the family system.
7. Losses:  The issue of losses is a fundamental factor in genograms. Some of the points to note under this category are: the event of sudden and critical illness, economic hardships, sudden death, disabilities, unanticipated loss or shortage of income, miscarriages, divorces, etc. Even though the impact of such losses varies from person to person, the question is: “To what extent was this event perceived as a loss?” Seeing that not all these events are perceived as losses, and the depth of loss also does vary greatly.

Much of the information and materials in this document were taken from the GenoPro website  such as the rules, symbols, family relations, emotional relationship pages. Permission was given to do so by the developer of GenoPro to the developer of this document.

 

GenoPro Software. www.genopro.com [permission to use symbols and other materials from

GenoPro has been granted to the creator of the document]

 

McGoldrick, M., Gerson, R., & Petry, S. (2007). Genograms: Assessment and intervention

(3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company

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Your assignment should have a strong, specific thesis, such as “Poe’s ‘The Cask of Amontillado’ uses the setting of the story to create a feeling of dread.”  This type of thesis would give you the key terms to use in your analysis.  Be sure to put your thesis sentence in bold so your reader will know what it is.

Then develop your essay, providing details from the story. Use in-text parenthetical citations each time you quote (or paraphrase) from the story.  If you use a quotation or if you paraphrase the material (putting it in your own words–no more than four words in a sentence from the original), cite the page number where it can be seen, and explain the point you are making with that evidence.  Summarize your key points in a conclusion and restate the main idea of your thesis.

Provide a Works Cited (on a separate page) at the end of your paper.  Insert a page break after the conclusion so that the Works Cited is always on another piece of paper.

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The City is Glendale, CA

You will need to google the city of Glendale CAFR for the paper.

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