Theoretical support: The editor of this text contributed chapter 7 on crime mapping. She reviews the development and implementation of GIS systems in the criminal justice system, and then turns her attention to a philosophical argument in support of this technology. Social disorganization theorists suggest that neighborhoods which have high levels of poverty, a heterogeneous population, and high rates of mobility are more susceptible to high rates of crime. The Routine Activities Theory, developed by Felson & Cohen, suggests that as long as there is a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of guardianship, the likelihood of victimization is maximized. Both theories place an emphasis on location and take a more macro-level approach to explaining deviant behavior. These theories, and other environmental criminological explanations, coupled with the rise in popularity of problem-oriented policing, has only aided in the increased use of GIS and crime mapping.
Goals of mapping: Police use crime mapping, either description of analytic, as a way to identify patterns. Using these techniques, police hope to generate enough information to detect and apprehend criminals. The author also discusses the practice of geographic profiling; most likely a topic that is well-received by the Criminal Minds enthusiasts in this course! Although we often associate the practice of crime mapping with policing, other mapping applications have been used in corrections, community planning, and social service agencies. And, with the onset of electronic file storage and database creation, sharing information across agencies and with the public has become easier and easier. Finally, the author concludes this chapter by discussing some organizational issues that are often tied to crime analysis and mapping efforts.
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